validity

• What is validity in research?

  Extent to which findings are representative
• Why is it important for findings to reflect real-life behavior?

  To ensure the study's relevance and applicability
• What does internal validity measure?

  Results due to manipulation of the IV
• How did Loftus & Palmer manipulate the IV in their study?

  By changing the verb in the critical question
• What does external validity measure?

  Generalizability of results beyond the research setting
• What is ecological validity?

  Alignment of tasks with real-life experiences
• What does temporal validity measure?

  Relevance of findings in the current age
• Why is Asch's research considered a 'child of its time'?

  It reflects post-World War II conformity rates
• How is Bowlby's concept of the primary caregiver viewed today?

  Outdated due to diverse family structures
• What are the ways to assess validity in research?

  • Face validity
  • Predictive validity
  • Concurrent validity
• What does face validity assess?

  Whether a test measures what it claims
• What does predictive validity measure?

  How well a test predicts future behavior
• What does concurrent validity assess?

  Agreement between two different tests
• How can the validity of lab experiments be improved?

  • Controlled conditions and standardized procedures
  • Use of a control group
  • Single-blind or double-blind procedures
• What are investigator effects?

  Researcher influences outcome without awareness
• What are demand characteristics?

  Participants alter behavior due to awareness
• How can researchers reduce demand characteristics?

  • Disguise the aim of the study
  • Use single or double-blind procedures
• How can the validity of observations be improved?

  • Use covert methods in naturalistic observation
  • Ensure clear and observable behavioral categories
• How can the validity of questionnaires be improved?

  • Use a lie scale for inconsistencies
  • Use reverse scoring for consistent responses
• How would you assess the validity of a digit-span test?

  Check if it measures short-term memory capacity
• How might social skills tests predict future behavior?

  By correlating with educational attainment later
• How would you evaluate concurrent validity in IQ tests?

  Compare scores from two different IQ tests
• What is a method to improve the validity of a lab experiment?

  Implement a control group for comparison
• How can you minimize investigator effects in research?

  By using standardized procedures and training
• What is a strategy to reduce demand characteristics in a study?

  Use single-blind procedures to conceal conditions
• How would you ensure natural behavior in observations?

  Use covert methods in naturalistic settings
• How can you check for inconsistencies in questionnaire responses?

  Implement a lie scale in the questionnaire
• How would you ensure consistent responses in a questionnaire?

  Use reverse scoring for directional answers