polysaccharides

• What is a molecule containing 2 monomers called?

  disaccharide
• What is the reaction called that joins two monomers together?

  condensation reaction
• What is the bond formed during a condensation reaction called?

  glycosidic bond
• monosaccharide-

  a single sugar unit,

  Alpha glucose, ribose, beta glucose
• disaccharide-

  when two monosaccharides join together,

  sucrose, maltose, lactose
• polysaccharide-

  when two or more monosaccharides are joined,

  starch, cellulose, glycogen
• pentose-

  sugars that contain 5 carbon attoms

  ribose
• hexose-

  sugars that contain 6 carbon atoms

  glucose
• Starch is a carbohydrate that is used in plants to store glucose which can later be used for energy. It is made up of two polysaccharides called amylopectin and amylose both of which are made up of alpha glucose just in different bonding arrangements.
• Amylose is made up of a glucose bonded by 1-4 glycosidic bonds this forms a long chain of glucose molecules that twists into a helix and is stabilised by hydrogen bonds. This structure means that amylose is very compact and much less soluble that the glucose it’s made up of.

  
• Amylopectin is made up of glucose bonded by 1-4 glycosidic bonds but also with 1-6 glycosidic bonds every 25 or so molecules. This means although it is less compact there are lots of branches and so lots of free ends where glucose can be quickly ‘broken off, and used to release energy in respiration.

  
• Glycogen is a carbohydrate used in animals and fungi to store glucose for energy. It is made up of alpha glucose bonded by 1-4 glycosidic bonds. This means that glycogen can twist and become very compact and much more insoluble than glucose. Every 10 glucose molecules glycogen will also have a 1-6 glycosidic bond, this enables lots of branches to be made. These branches mean there are lots of free ends from which glucose can be released quickly by hydrolysis and used to release energy.

  
• Cellulose is a carbohydrates used in plants as part of their cell walls and is made up of Beta glucose molecules bonded together by 1-4 glycosidic bonds. the only way beta glucose can bond is when every other glucose is flipped upside down, this means that when long chains form they straight lines. This also means that cellulose molecules next to each other will hydrogen bond forming microfibrils which then join together to form cellulose fibres. This means that cellulose is very strong and insoluble so they are great for cell walls. This also means that cellulose is hard to break.

  
• what is the role of starch?

  glucose store in plants
• what type of glucose is starch made up of?

  alpha glucose
• how many polysaccharides make up starch?

  2
• what type of bonding is seen in amylose?

  1-4 glycosidic and hydrogen
• how does amylose's type of bonding help starch function?

  compact and less soluble
• what type of bonding is seen in amylopectin?

  1-4 glycosidic and 1-6 every 25 or so
• how does the type of bonding in amylopectin help starch to function?

  glucose can be broken off to release energy
• what is the role of glycohen?

  glucose store in animals
• what monomer is glycogen made up of?

  alpha glucose
• what type of bonding is seen in glycogen?

  1-4 and every 10 1-6
• how does glycogen's bonding help the function?

  very branched so can release energy easily
• what is the role of cellulose?

  glucose store in plants
• what monomer is cellulose made up of?

  beta
• how do the monomers in cellulose bond?

  1-4, every other flips
• starch -

  Chemical energy store. Glucose produced by plants during photosynthesis is stored in this way
• glycogen -

  An insoluble, branched and compact energy storage molecule in animals and fungi
• cellulose -

  Strong and insoluble so can form cell walls and forms roughage necessary for a healthy digestive system