LIFE AND PARTS OF CELL

• discovery based science


  - reliesmainly on verifiable observationsand measurements.
• Hypothesis-based science


  involves the use of the scientificmethod (guide of biologist insolving problems)
• Abiogenesis/Spontaneous generation


  Life comes from non-living things
• Biogenesis


  development of life from preexisting life
• divine creation


  Everything wasmade by aSupreme Being.
• panspermia


  a theory that life did not originate on Earth but arrived in the form of bacterial spores or viruses from an extraterrestrial source. A meteor orcosmic dust may have carriedto Earth significant amounts oforganic molecules, whichstarted the evolution of life.
• Gathering and using energy


  • Living things use energy andmaterials to ensure survival.• Green plants obtain energy fromsunlight to undergophotosynthesis.- Humans and animals derive energyfrom other organisms.
• homeostasis


  All metabolic processes inside thebody are coordinated and regulated.
• motility

  Self-movement
• irritability


  ability to respond to stimuli
• tropism


  is the reaction oforganism to stimuli.
• individual adaptation


  ₋ Living things need to adapt tochanges in the environment.₋ Individual adaptation happensmore slowly than respondingto a stimulus because somechanges need to occur in theorganism.
• evolution


  Changes in thecharacteristics of a group oforganisms over time.
• evolutionary adaptation


  is agradual or rapid change in bodystructure or behavior to bebetter suited to survive in a newenvironment
• cell theory


  1.All living organisms are made up of oneor more cells.2.The cell is the basic structural andfunctional unit of life.3.Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
• organic chemical evolution hypothesis


  ₋ The first forms of true living cells haveevolved from primitive cells orprotocells.
• protocells


  are formed by thepolymerization of organic molecules inheated rocks or in clay.
• protection


  cell membrance, cell wall, cytoplasm
• plasma membrance

  Phospholipid bilayer. Gatekeeper, polar head nonpolar tail
• cell wall


  A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell made out of CELLULOSE, OR CHITIN, OR PEPTIDOGLYCAN
• cytoplasm


  A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
• cytosol


  Fluid portion of cytoplasm
• nucleus


  A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction. CONTROL CENTER
• manufacturing storage distribution breakdown

  endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, golgi apprataus, lysosomes, vesicles, peroxisomes
• Endoplasmic Reticulum

  interconnnected network of thin and folded membranes
• lumen


  interior part of ER sites of production of proteins and lipids
• Rough ER


  ; covered with ribosomes thatsynthesizes proteins
• smooth ER


  ER that has no ribosomes and synthesizes lipids and breaks down alcohol and drugs
• golgi apparatus


  processes, sorts, and devlivers proteins taken from ER
• vesicles


  small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell. for storage transport and secretion
• vacuoles


  fluid-like sac Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
• central vacuole


  strengthens the cell and supports entire plant, may contain toxins waste product pigment
• lysosomes


  An organelle containing digestive lysozymes that break down materials in cell.
• peroxisomes


  Break down toxic materials and carry oxidative enzymes break down alcohol, numerous in liver cells
• mitochondria


  Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production and have their own dna and ribosomes
• chloroplasts


  organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis.
• thykaloids


  contain chlorophyll; site of light reactions in photosynthesis,
• structural movement and communication between cells

  centrosome, centrioles, cytoskeletons, cilia and flagela, cel surfaces and junctions
• centrosome


  small dense region of cytoplasm that acts as the main microtubule organizing center; provides structureq
• centrioles


  cylinder-shaped organelles that help in cell division in animal sells; seperate chromosomes during cel div