Types of matter

• Matter can be broken down into two categories: Pure Substances and Mixtures.
• Pure substances are made up of only one type of atom or molecule, while mixtures contain more than one kind of substance.
• Element is only composed of one type of atom, which cannot be changed by physical means.
• Compound is a substance that is made up of two or more elements chemically combined.
• Mixture is classified into two categories: Heterogeneous and Homogeneous.
• Heterogeneous is a mixture that can be easily separated by physical means and is not uniformly distributed.
• Homogeneous is a mixture of two or more chemical substances (elements or compounds) where the different components cannot be visually distinguished because it is uniformly distributed.
• Solution is a homogenous mixture consisting of two or more substances dissolved in another substance called solvent.
• A solution may contain solutes, solvent, and sometimes a catalyst.
• Colloid is a heterogeneous mixture containing tiny particles that never settle out.
• Unlike colloid, suspension is a heterogeneous mixture that has a liquid in which visible particles settle.
• Muddy water is a type of suspension.
• Milk is an example of emulsion.
• Emulsion, on the other hand, is a type of colloid where the dispersed substance is a liquid that is not soluble in the other substance. This means that the liquid droplets are suspended in the other substance, but they do not dissolve.
• Physical change refers to a change in the physical state of a substance without a change in the identity of the substance.
• Chemical change involves a chemical reaction between two or more substances resulting in new products with different properties from those of the original substances.
• Metals are lustrous by nature. They are shiny and have a high density.
• Most metals are solid by room temperature, except Mercury. Other examples include: Francium, Barium, Gallium, Cesium, and Rubidium.
• The periodic table consists of rows called periods and columns called groups.
• Mercury is considered as a soft metal.
• Metals that are low in density includes: Sodium, Lithium, Cesium, and Rubidium.
• Substances are neither element or compound.
• Acids are compounds that donates hydrogen ions (H+) in aqueous solutions. It tastes sour and turns blue litmus paper to red.
• Bases are substances that accepts H+ ion from acids. They taste bitter and turn red litmus paper to blue.
• Neutralization reaction occurs when an acid reacts with a base to form salt and water.
• Water is the solvent used in most chemical reactions.
• Acids are less than 7 on the pH scale.
• Bases are greater than 7 on the pH scale.
• The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a solution is.
• A neutral substance has a pH value of 7
• Vinegar, citrus fruits, and sulfuric acids are types of acids.
• Ammonia, bleach, and lye are examples of bases.
• pH stands for "potential hydrogen" and refers to the concentration of H+ ions in a solution.
• Water dissociates into H+ and OH- ions when it becomes an electrolyte.
• All nonmetals are not lustrous by nature except Iodine, Graphite, and Diamond.
• Nonmetals usually exists in a gaseous state at room temperature like Hydrogen, Helium, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Chlorine, and Fluorine. These also includes all of the noble gases: Helium, Argon, Krypton, Neon, Radon, Xenon, and Oganesson.
• Nonmetals can also exist in a solid form like Carbon, Iodine, Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Selenium. Bromine is the only nonmetal that exists as a liquid.
• Examples of metalloids are: Boron, Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic, Antimony, Tellurium. However, Polonium and Astatine are frequently not considered as a metallold.
• An emulsion is always between mixture of two liquids.
• A concentrated solution happens when it cannot hold any more solutes at room temperature.