Animal Diseases Lecture 2

• what is the definition of disease?

  any impairment that interferes with or modifies the performance of normal functions
• what are impairments to normal functions caused by diseases?

  environment, nutrition, toxins, climate
• what is disease at an individual level?

  usually fatal
• what is disease at a population level?

  unimportant
• what does not define a disease?

  death
• what is an example of a disease in animals?

  DDT used to control insects
• what does DDT pesticides do to animals?

  egg shell thinning in birds
• what is an example of a disease that has profound effects on individuals that may have relatively little effect on populations?

  waterfoul
• what is an example of a disease that has few pathological effects on individuals that may have profound effects for populations?

  DDT
• what is an example of diseases?

  infectious agents
• what are inherent defects?

  results of genetic disorders
• what are congenital defects?

  birth defects
• what are the types of diseases?

  infectious and non-infectious
• what are infectious diseases caused by?

  living organisms
• where do infectious agents live?

  on or in a host
• what is the interaction between two types of organisms that case diseases in hosts?

  infectious diseases
• what are infectious agents referred to as?

  causative agents
• what can infectious agents be?

  obligate or opportunistic
• what are obligate infectious agents and an example?

  cannot reproduce outside of host, parasitic worm
• what are opportunistic infectious agents and an example?

  live within a host, fungus
• what is Aspergillosis?

  fungus that decays organic matter by forming spores in lungs
• what are microparasites?

  small and single celled
• what kind of reproduction do microparasites have?

  quick, and divide within a host resulting in many parasites
• whar are examples of microparasites?

  bacteria, virus, protozoa
• what are macroparasites?

  large and multicellular
• how do macroparasites reproduce?

  slow, direct multiplication doesnt occur, results in one infection
• what can macroparasites generate?

  immune responses
• what are examples of macroparasites?

  tapeworms, arthropod ectoparasites
• what are contageious causative agents?

  transmitted from one animal to another through direct contact of host
• what is an example of a contageious disease?

  cold
• what are non-contagious causative agents?

  transmitted within the environment
• what is an example of a non-contageious agent?

  aspergillus
• what is a non-infectious disease?

  caused by wide range of risk factors
• what are examples of non-infectious diseases?

  toxins and poisons
• what do non-infectious diseases depend on?

  physical and biological features of the environment and genetic or developmental effects
• why do we study wildlife diseases?

  curiosity, human health, environmental health
• what are steps to studying/ managing diseases?

  significance of disease, cause of disease, and elimination of disease
• what are types of disease investigations?

  clinical or pathological studies, epidemiology or epizootiology
• what are clinical investigations and examples?

  readily visible signs of disease, snotty nose
• what are pathological investigations and examples?

  microscopical changes that result from diseases, viral inclusion body