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Cards (47)
What is sustainable development?
Development meeting
current
and future needs
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How is potable water produced in the UK?
By choosing a
fresh
water source
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What is the purpose of filter beds in potable water production?
To remove
solids
from the water
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Why is sterilization important in potable water production?
To kill harmful
microbes
in the water
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What are the sterilizing agents for potable water?
Chlorine
,
ozone
, or
ultraviolet
light
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Why must chlorine levels in water be monitored?
Because chlorine is a
toxic
gas
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What is the advantage of using ultraviolet light for sterilization?
Avoids adding
chemicals
to the water
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How is desalination carried out?
By distillation or reverse osmosis
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What is reverse osmosis?
Passing seawater through a
selective
membrane
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Why does reverse osmosis require high pressure?
To push water through the membrane
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What produces wastewater?
Urban
lifestyles and
industrial
processes
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What must be removed from sewage and agricultural wastewater?
Organic matter and harmful
microbes
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What does industrial wastewater treatment require?
Removal of organic matter and harmful
chemicals
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What are the processes involved in sewage treatment?
Screening
,
sedimentation
,
anaerobic digestion
,
aerobic treatment
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What do new mining methods avoid?
Disadvantages of
traditional
mining methods
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What is phytomining?
Using plants to absorb
metal
compounds
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What happens to plants in phytomining?
They are harvested and burned for
ash
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What is bioleaching?
Using
bacteria
to produce leachate solutions
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What is the main advantage of bioleaching and phytomining?
They need less
energy
than
traditional
methods
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What is the main disadvantage of bioleaching and phytomining?
They are
slow
to carry out
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What are the stages of Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs)?
Extracting and processing
raw materials
Manufacturing and packaging
Use
and operation during its lifetime
Disposal at the end of its
useful life
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How can we reduce the use of resources?
By
reducing
,
reusing
, and recycling materials
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of recycling?
Advantages:
Less
acid rain
Longer
metal ore reserves
Conserved energy
Less
waste
and landfill
Creates local employment
Disadvantages:
Collection problems
Transport
costs
Difficult to
separate
metals
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How can corrosion be prevented?
By applying a
protective coating
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What is corrosion?
Destruction of materials by
chemical reactions
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What is sacrificial protection?
Using a more
reactive metal
to corrode first
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What is bronze made of?
Copper
and
tin
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What is brass made of?
Copper
and
zinc
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How is the purity of gold measured?
In
carats
, with pure gold as
24 carat
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What are aluminum-magnesium alloys used for?
In
aerospace
manufacturing due to
low density
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What are the properties of high carbon steel?
Strong but
brittle
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What are the properties of low carbon steel?
Soft
and more easily shaped
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What are stainless steels made of?
Iron
with
chromium
and
nickel
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How are the properties of polymers determined?
By their
monomers
and
production conditions
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What are thermosetting polymers?
Polymers that do not melt on
heating
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What are thermosoftening polymers?
Polymers that
soften
and can be
remolded
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How is soda-lime glass made?
By heating
sand
,
sodium carbonate
, and
limestone
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What is borosilicate glass made from?
Sand and
boron trioxide
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How are clay ceramics made?
By
shaping
wet clay and
heating
it
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How are composites formed?
Fibres or fragments of one material (
reinforcement
)
Surrounded by a
binder/matrix
material
Example:
Fibreglass
(glass fibres in polymer)
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