nutrition

• Nutrients are chemical substances necessary for life.
• The primary functions of nutrients are to provide energy, build and repair tissue, and regulate body processes such as circulation, respiration, digestion, and elimination.
• Organic nutrients include carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins.
• Inorganic nutrients include water, minerals.
• Carbohydrates provide a major source of energy and examples include cereal grains, vegetables, fruits, nuts.
• Fats provide energy and have the highest kilocalorie value; sources include meats, milk, cream, butter, cheese, egg yolks, oils, nuts.
• Proteins build and repair body tissues and provide energy; they are the only one of the six nutrients that contain nitrogen and sources include meats, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, cheese, corn, grains, nuts, and seeds.
• Vitamins are organic compounds that regulate body processes and examples include vitamins A, B, C, D, E, and K.
• There are six essential nutrient classes: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins, and water.
• Nutrition and health are directly related.
• Biochemical tests include Hemoglobin (Hgb), Hematocrit (Hct), Red blood cells (RBCs), White blood cells (WBCs), Lipid profile (high- and low-density lipoprotein, serum triglycerides), and Urinalysis.
• Food-drug interactions that can lead to malnutrition are a part of Social history in Nutrition.
• The effects of poor nutrition are cumulative.
• Minerals are inorganic compounds that regulate body processes and examples include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, iron, magnesium, and zinc.
• Water is a major constituent of all living cells and is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.
• The six essential nutrient classes are carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water.
• Water is needed to prevent dehydration.
• Protein is needed to build and repair body tissues after surgery.
• Deficiencies in nutrition include iron deficiency, beriberi, scurvy, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, rickets, and goiter.
• Excesses in nutrition include atherosclerosis, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, gallbladder disease, and some cancers.
• Organic nutrients must be broken down before use, contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and function to provide energy, regulate body processes, and repair tissues.
• Overnutrition is a larger problem than undernutrition in the U.S.
• Marasmus, osteomalacia, and all nutrients are characteristics of severe malnutrition.
• Malnutrition is a condition resulting from excess or deficient energy or nutrient intake.
• Deficiency diseases include iron-deficiency anemia, beriberi, night blindness, goiter, and kwashiorkor.
• Nutrient deficiency can be primary, due to inadequate dietary intake, or secondary, due to causes other than dietary intake, and both can result in malnutrition.
• Inorganic nutrients are in their simplest form when ingested, function to regulate body processes, and include water and minerals.
• Carbohydrates provide a major source of energy, examples include cereal grains, vegetables, fruits, nuts.
• Anthropometric measurements include Height, Weight, Head, chest, and abdominal circumference (children), Upper arm measurement, Skinfold.
• Nutritional Assessment includes Anthropometric measurements, Clinical examination, Biochemical tests, and Dietary and social history.
• Clinical examination also includes Clinical signs such as Glossitis, Numerous “black and blue” spots and tiny, red “pin prick” hemorrhages under the skin, Emaciation, and Possible deficiencies include Folic acid, Vitamin C, Carbohydrates, proteins, calories.
• Fats provide energy and have the highest kilocalorie value, sources include meats, milk, cream, butter, cheese, egg yolks, oils, nuts.
• Deficiency diseases include Pellagra, Rickets, Scurvy, Xerophthalmia, and Nutrients lacking include Niacin, Calcium and vitamin D, Vitamin C, Vitamin A.
• Proteins build and repair body tissues and provide energy, they are the only one of the six nutrients that contain nitrogen, and sources include meats, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, cheese, corn, grains, nuts, and seeds.