TC 102 Part 2 Reading

• Non-state actors include international NGOs, private philanthropies, missionaries, and global corporations.
• There are references to various historians and their contributions to the field of diplomatic history.
• There is a growing literature on the histories of international organizations and activities associated with the United Nations and the League of Nations.
• The essay "Marking Time: The Historiography of International Relations" by Charles S. Maier discusses the state of diplomatic history and its marginalization in the historical profession.
• The field of diplomatic history has become more inclusive and has seen exciting new scholarship.
• The essay highlights the growing interest in global history and the recommendation to collapse sharp distinctions between domestic and international politics.
• The new international history incorporates the insights of the "cultural turn" and the transnational turn in the discipline.
• International historians have expanded their research beyond traditional archives and have tapped into government agency records, colonial and postcolonial records, and records of non-government entities.
• Training and awarding proper recognition in hiring and promotion decisions can expand the realm of possibility for research on the history of international society.
• Archives of international organizations and NGOs are often more open, efficient, and organized compared to governmental counterparts.
• Research method and training, including language and archives, need to be addressed in international history
• The field of international history encompasses political, economic, intellectual, cultural, social, and environmental histories of international society.
• The place of nation-states within international history should be considered
• It explores the intersections between domestic determinants of foreign policy, transnational interactions, non-state actors, national security, diplomacy, food, population, disease, international law, human rights, and the environment.
• There is a need for additional work on internationalism in the Global South
• International history highlights connections between different historical fields and brings together historians focused on various aspects of global issues.
• There is a need to consider the spatial and temporal scope of international history
• Anticolonial/postcolonial internationalism has been explored in recent scholarship
• The field of diplomatic history has expanded and the boundaries between domestic and foreign, states and non-states, and hard and soft power have blurred.
• There is a need to reframe the field of international history to encompass various approaches and create a common historical subject
• There is confusion over the precise scope and character of the term "United States in the world" and whether it refers to relations between the United States and other states or a wider embedding of U.S. history within a global context.
• The field of international history has expanded and become more diverse
• The essay draws examples primarily from the literature on the history of the United States in the world but argues that the conceptual framework can be applied to international history centered elsewhere.
• There has been a shift towards positions advertised as "U.S. in/and the world" in the study of U.S. history.
• New approaches and interests in international history enrich rather than replace longstanding ones
• The term "international society" has been traditionally defined as "a society of states" but is seen as too limited for contemporary international historians.
• The essay references previous works and scholars in the field of international history and international relations.
• There have been debates within the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations about the focus of international history
• The essay discusses the genealogy and debates in the field of diplomatic/international history.
• The essay proposes redefining international history as the history of "international society" and discusses the advantages and challenges of this approach.
• International society has political, economic, intellectual, legal, and cultural histories
• International organizations deal with crucial issues such as nuclear disarmament, refugee relief, economic development, cultural contacts, human rights, and the environment.
• Amy Sayward demonstrated the influence of development thinking on the establishment and practices of United Nations agencies, focusing on the World Bank, UN Food and Agriculture Organization, and World Health Organization.
• There has been a shift in the field of international history towards studying social, cultural, and domestic determinants of foreign policy.
• David Engerman and Corinna Unger urged historians to aim for a "global history of modernization."
• There has been increasing attention to the significance of race, gender, class, religion, and culture in the history of foreign relations.
• Historians have neglected the study of international organizations and global issues.
• Matthew Connelly's history of the global campaign to control world population showed the collaboration between the Population Division of USAID and the International Planned Parenthood Federation.
• Scholarship has focused on areas such as modernization and development, humanitarian intervention and human rights, and global governance.
• Nick Cullather's international history of the Green Revolution highlighted the involvement of governments, UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Rockefeller Foundation, and a transnational network of plant scientists.