LEARNING MEMORY AND INTELLIGENCE

• Learning, like instincts and reflexes, enables an organism to adapt to its surroundings.
• Learning, unlike instincts and reflexes, involves change and experience: learning is a generally permanent change in behavior or knowledge that arises from experience.
• Classical Conditioning is a theory developed by Ivan Pavlov.
• According to B.F Skinner's operant conditioning theory, rewards and penalties lead to behavior modification and learning.
• A reaction is strengthened by reinforcement, which increases the likelihood that the behavior will recur in the future.
• Punishment diminishes a reaction and reduces the likelihood that the activity will happen again.
• Edward Thorndike developed the theory of connectionism, which is founded on the principle of active learning.
• Thorndike's Laws resulted from this research.
• These Laws define learning as the ability of an individual to build associations between a certain stimulus and a response.
• The three main laws are the Law of Readiness, the Law of Exercise, and the Law of Effect.
• Social Learning Theory, developed by Albert Bandura, posits that individuals can learn by studying and imitating the observable behavior of others.
• The conditions for social learning are Attention, Retention, Reproduction, and Motivation.
• Memory and learning work together to improve our abilities to navigate our environment and survive.
• Memory is an information processing machine, frequently compared to a computer.
• Intelligence is the ability to think, learn from experience, solve issues, and adapt to changing circumstances.
• Raymond Catell presented a theory of intelligence that split general intelligence into two components: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence.
• Crystallized intelligence is defined as acquired knowledge and the ability to recover it.
• Fluid intelligence includes the ability to perceive and solve difficulties in complex relationships.
• B.F Skinner

  Operant Condioning :A reaction is

  strengthened by reinforcement, which increases

  the likelihood that the behavior will recur in the

  future. On the other hand, punishment diminishes

  a reaction and reduces the likelihood that the

  activity will happen again.
• Positive Punishment - The introduction of something unpleasant (e.g., electric shock) to decrease the frequency of a response.
• Negative Punishment - Removing something pleasant (e.g., food) to reduce the occurrence of a particular action.
• Edward Thorndike: The theory of connectionism is founded on the

  principle of active learning
• Thorndike's Laws: define learning as the ability of an individual to

  build associations between a certain stimulus and a

  response.
• 3 main Edward Thorndike Laws: the Law of

  Readiness, the Law of Exercise, and the Law of

  Effect.
• Law of effect - Responses to a situation

  that are followed by a rewarding state of

  affairs will be strengthened and become

  habitual responses to that situation,
• Edward Thorndike

  2) Law of Readiness - A series of

  responses can be chained together to

  satisfy some goal that will result in

  annoyance if blocked
• Edward Thorndike

  1. Law of effect - Responses to a situation

  that are followed by a rewarding state of

  affairs will be strengthened and become

  habitual responses to that situation,
• Edward Thorndike

  3) Law of Exercise - Connections

  become strengthened with practice and

  weakened when practice is

  discontinued.
• Albert Bandura

  Social Learning Theory

  The principle underlying social learning

  theory is that individuals can learn by

  studying and imitating the observable

  behavior of others.
• 4 Conditions for

  social learning:

  Attention

  Retention

  Reproduction

  Motivation
• Learning and memory work together to improve our abilities to

  navigate our environment and survive.
• Learning is a behavioral

  change that occurs as a result of gaining knowledge about the

  world, and memory is the mechanism by which that knowledge

  is encoded, stored, and later retrieved.
• Because memory is an

  information processing machine, we frequently compare it to a

  computer.
• INTELLIGENCE:

  The ability to think, learn from experience, solve issues, and adapt to changing circumstances.

  • In psychology, intelligence is defined as the mental capacity to learn from experiences, adapt to new situations, understand and handle abstract concepts, and influence one's surroundings. It encompasses abilities such as problem-solving, critical thinking, quick learning, and comprehension of complicated ideas.
• INTELLIGENCE:RAYMOND CATTELL

  • He presented a theory of intelligence that split general intelligence into two components: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence
• 2 types of INTELLIGENCE: Crystallized, Fluid
• • Crystallized - It is defined as acquired knowledge and the ability to recover it. You use crystallized intelligence when you learn, remember, and recall knowledge.
• • Fluid - includes the ability to perceive and solve difficulties in complex relationships.
• INTELLIGENCE Robert Sternberg :Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
• ,

  A) A. EXPLICIT

  B) B. SEMANTIC

  C) c. EPISODIC

  D) d. PROCEDURAL

  E) e. IMPLICIT

  F) f. PRIMING

  G) g. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING