PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

• Psychological disorders, also known as mental disorders or mental illnesses, refer to a range of conditions characterized by abnormal thoughts, emotions, behaviors, or a combination of these.
• Collaboration between individuals, mental health professionals, and, when applicable, family members, is crucial to successful treatment and recovery.
• The choice of treatment for a specific disorder depends on its severity and the individual's factors.
• These conditions significantly impact an individual's functioning, well-being, and the ability to cope with daily life.
• Behavior, thoughts, or emotions that deviate from cultural or societal norms may be considered indicative of a psychological disorder.
• Individuals with psychological disorders often experience significant emotional distress or discomfort.
• The condition impairs one's ability to carry out daily activities, maintain relationships, or function effectively.
• In some cases, psychological disorders may pose a risk to the individual or others.
• Psychological disorders can be characterized by odd, eccentric behaviors or beliefs.
• Paranoid personality disorder is characterized by suspicious, difficulty trusting others.
• Schizoid personality disorder is characterized by avoiding social activities, being humorless or cold, preferring to be alone.
• Psychotropic medications, such as antidepressants, antianxiety medications, antipsychotics, and mood stabilizers, can be prescribed to alleviate symptoms.
• Psychosocial interventions, such as social support, lifestyle changes, and interventions that address environmental factors, can play a crucial role in recovery.
• ECT involves the administration of electric currents to the brain to induce controlled seizures.
• Treatment plans for psychological disorders should be tailored to the unique needs, preferences, and circumstances of each individual to enhance effectiveness.
• This may include family therapy, vocational rehabilitation, and community-based programs.
• Various therapeutic approaches, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), psychodynamic therapy, and humanistic therapy, may be utilized.
• Psychological disorders can be effectively treated using a holistic approach that considers biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors.
• ECT is typically used for severe and treatment-resistant cases of depression.
• Schizotypal personality disorder is characterized by unusual personality, distrust of others.
• Cluster A personality disorders are characterized by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors.
• Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by disregard for and the violation of rights of others.
• Borderline personality disorder is characterized by unstable personal relationships, chronic feeling of abandonment.
• Histrionic personality disorder is characterized by being the center of attention.
• Narcissistic personality disorder is characterized by superiority.
• Cluster B personality disorders are characterized by intense anxiety and fear.
• Avoidant personality disorder is characterized by shyness, unjustified fears of rejection.
• Dependent personality disorder is characterized by relying too much on others to meet their physical and emotional needs.
• Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is characterized by maintaining order and control.
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and body dysmorphic disorder are examples of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders.
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder are examples of Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders.
• Psychotherapy, also known as counseling, involves talking with a mental health professional to explore and address psychological issues.
• Learning, like instincts and reflexes, enables an organism to adapt to its surroundings.
• Learning, unlike instincts and reflexes, involves change and experience: learning is a generally permanent change in behavior or knowledge that arises from experience.
• Classical Conditioning, a theory developed by Ivan Pavlov, involves the process of learning through association.
• B.F Skinner's Operant Conditioning theory suggests that rewards and penalties lead to behavior modification and learning.
• Edward Thorndike's theory of connectionism is founded on the principle of active learning and was developed by the American psychologist Edward Thorndike.
• The three main laws are the Law of Readiness, the Law of Exercise, and the Law of Effect.
• Social Learning Theory, developed by Albert Bandura, suggests that individuals can learn by studying and imitating the observable behavior of others.
• The conditions for social learning are Attention, Retention, Reproduction, and Motivation.