Energy systems

• What is ATP?


  The body's only useable source of energy

  
  

  ATP stands for Adenosine triphosphate
• How do we go energy from ATP?

  ATpase breaks down the high energy bond between the last two phosphates
• Outline ATP resynthesis


  - ATPase breaks the high energy bond and the phosphate is removed and energy is released, forming ADP

  
  

  - The energy is then added back, allowing the phosphate and ADP to react to form ATP

  
• Outline the ATP-PC system

  The phosphocreatine is broken down by creatine kinase into creatine and phosphate. The break in the bond causes energy to be released which is used to resynthesise ADP and phosphate with help from ATPase to form ATP.

  
  

  It lasts for 5-8 seconds and is used for short bursts of exercise

  
• What is a coupled reaction?

  Where one energy bond has to be broken for another to be formed
• What is the energy yield of the ATP-PC system?

  1:1
• What sport would the ATP-PC system be used for?

  - 100m sprint
• What are 4 positives of the ATP-PC system?

  - No by-products

  - Creatine supplements can be taken

  - Powerful movements at high intensity

  - Energy released quickly and immediately
• What are 4 negatives of the ATP-PC system?

  - PC stores are limited

  - Can only replenish when O2 is present

  - Only provides energy for 8- 10 secs

  - Low energy yield
• Outline the anaerobic glycolytic system

  Glycogen is broken down by glycogen phosphorylase into glucose which is then broken down by phosphofructokinase into pyruvic acid. this is then broken down by lactate dehydrogenase to produce a by-product of lactic acid.

  
  

  It is used 5 mins into high intensity exercise and lasts for 2-3 minutes

  
• Where does glycolysis occur?

  sarcoplasm
• What is the energy yield of the anaerobic glycolytic system?

  2 ATP
• Why is lactic acid produced in the anaerobic glycolytic system?

  Due to the lack of O2, pyruvic acid cant be stored on its own . This means lactic acid is produced as a by-product.
• What are 3 positives of the anaerobic glycolytic system?

  - With O2 the lactic acid can be converted into liver for glycogen

  - ATP can be resynthesised

  - Extra burst of energy
• What are 2 negative of the anaerobic glycolytic system?

  - Lactic acid denatures enzymes, causing fatigue

  - Small amount of energy is released
• What does GGPACH stand for (Anaerobic system)?

  Glycogen

  Glucose

  Pyruvic acid

  Acetyl Co A

  Citric acid

  Hydrogen
• What happens at the glycolysis stage in the aerobic energy system?

  The glycogen is broken down by glycogen phosphorylase into glucose which is then broken down again by phosphofructokinase to form pyruvic acid. (Release 2 ATP)

  
  

  The pyruvic acid is then oxidized by Co A to form acetyl co enzyme A.

  
• What happens at the Krebs cycle stage in the aerobic energy system?

  Acetyl Co A enters the krebs cycle and is combined with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid which undergoes oxidative carboxylation causing hydrogen and carbon dioxide to be given off.

  
  

  (Release 2 ATP)

  
• What happens at the electron transport chain stage in the aerobic energy system?

  Hydrogen electrons are then send down the carrier chain to release 34 ATP.

  
  

  The hydrogen ions are then oxidised to form water which is given off in sweat as a by-product.

  
• What is the energy yield of the aerobic energy system?

  38 ATP
• What are 3 positives of the aerobic energy system?

  - High energy yield of 38 ATP

  - Lots of energy over long periods of time

  - No fatiguing by products
• What is beta oxidation?

  The breakdown of fats
• Outline the beta oxidation process

  Triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and free fatty acids. The glycerol and free fatty acids then go through beta oxidation to break down the fats and form oxaloacetic acid.

  
  

  Oxaloacetic acid then combines with acetyl co enzyme A and during the krebs cycle

  
  

  Beta oxidation had a higher energy yield when used in the aerobic system when compared to normal.
• Outline the energy continuum

  At the start of exercise the ATP-PC system is in use until it begins to not work as efficiently, causing lactic acid to prevail through the anaerobic glycolytic system. After 3 mins the aerobic system takes over as the lactate threshold is reached.
• Which energy system is predominantly used by each muscle fibre type?

  Type 1- Aerobic system

  Type 2a- Anaerobic system

  Type 2x- ATP-PC system
• What is the triglyceride storage space for each muscle fibre type?

  Type 1- High

  Type 2a- Medium

  Type 2x- Low
• What is the size of the phosphocreatine storage space for each muscle fibre type?

  Type 1- Small

  Type 2a- Large

  Type 2x- Large
• What is VO2?


  Volume of oxygen consumed by the body per minute (ML / Kg / min)
• What is VO2 max?

  Maximum volume of oxygen that can be taken up by the muscles per minute
• How many liters can VO2 max rise up to during exercise per minute?

  6 Liters
• What is EPOC?


  - EPOC stands for excess post oxygen consumption

  
  

  - Amount of oxygen consumed during recovery after exercise above that which would have been consumed at rest during the same time.

  
• What is oxygen deficit during EPOC?

  Volume difference between real and idea oxygen uptake
• What is sub-maximal oxygen deficit during EPOC?

  If there isn't enough oxygen at the start of exercise for all ATP (energy) to be provided aerobically, energy must be provided anaerobically instead
• What is oxygen debt during EPOC?

  An extra volume of oxygen is needed to replenish all the energy systems through faster and deeper breathing.
• Outline the process of EPOC (3 steps)?

  - Athletes failed to get on board with high O2 demand quick enough

  
  

  - Exercise occurs anaerobically as there isn't enough O2 for all energy to be provided aerobically

  
  

  - Faster and deeper breathing to increase volume of oxygen do energy systems can be replenished
• What is oxygen consumption?

  the amount of oxygen we use to produce ATP
• What 3 things happen during the fast component of O2 consumption during EPOC recovery (MAP)?

  Myoglobin resaturation

  ATP resynthesis

  PC store replenishment
• How does the fast component of O2 consumption during EPOC recovery occur?

  Faster and deeper breathing to gain more oxygen
• How long does it take to recover with the fast component of O2 consumption during EPOC recovery?

  2-3 mins
• How much oxygen is taken in during the fast component of O2 consumption during EPOC recovery?

  3-4 Liters of oxygen