anatomy

• integumentary system: forms the external covering and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D and houses cutaneous receptors (pain, pressure, etc.) and seat and oil glands
• skeletal system: protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.
• muscular system: allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression, maintains posture and produces heat.
• nervous system: as the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
• endocrine system: glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
• cardiovascular system: blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood
• lymphatic system/immunity: picks up fluid leaks from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body
• Respiratory system: keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
• Digestive system: breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated by feces
• Urinary system: eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood
• Male/Female Reproductive System: overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn
• anterior: toward the front
• posterior: toward the back
• superior: toward the head
• inferior: toward the tail
• proximal: closer to the point of origin (generally the trunk)
• distal: father away from the point of origin (generally the trunk)
• medial: closer to the midline of the body or a body part on the inner side of
• lateral: farther away from the midline of the body or a body part; on the outer side of
• superficial: closer to the surface
• deep: farther below the surface
• cephalic = head
• cranial = top of head
• frontal = forehead
• ocular = eyes
• otic = ear
• nasal = nose
• buccal = cheek
• oral = mouth
• mental = chin
• pectoral = chest
• acromial = shoulder
• axillary = armpit
• thoracic = lower chest
• sternal = sternum
• brachial = upper arm
• mammary = breast
• abdominal or celiac = stomach
• umbilical = belly button
• pelvic = pelvis