Nutrition (self review)

• Nutrition is the science of food and nutrients, their action and interaction for health and disease, and the ways by which the organs ingest, digest and excrete.
• Diet is the sum total of food taken by an individual.
• Nutrients are the substances that enable cells and tissues to carry out vital functions.
• Foods can be classified by chemical composition, predominant function, nutritive value, and other aspects.
• Animal foods include meat, fish, eggs, and dairy products.
• Menke’s Kinkyhair Syndrome is characterized by severe mental deficiency, steel hair, long metaphyseal abnormalities, micrognathism, neonatal ataxia, and hypothermia.
• Copper salts decrease plaque formation in humans, thus affecting the pathogenesis of caries.
• Vegetable foods include cereals, pulses, vegetables, nuts, and oilseeds.
• Protein-rich foods include meat, fish, eggs, and dairy products.
• Energy-giving foods include cereals, pulses, vegetables, nuts, and oilseeds.
• Protective foods include vegetables, fruits, cereals, pulses, nuts, and oilseeds.
• Different types of foods contain different quantities and proportions of energy, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals.
• The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) is a guideline for the nutrient intake setup by the Food and Nutrition Board.
• The Food Guide Pyramid is a nutritional education guide that emphasizes foods from the five major food groups shown in the lower three sections of the pyramid.
• Balanced diets refer to reference body weight.
• Nutritional assessment includes anthropometry, prescribed by WHO/ICMR.
• Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) is the amount of energy expended while at rest in a neutral temperature environment, in a past absorptive state.
• Proteins are chief body building foods, formed from smaller components - Amino Acids (AA).
• Animal proteins include eggs, meat, and milk.
• Vegetable proteins include pulses, cereals, nuts, and beans.
• Proteins function in body growth and maintenance, precursors of important compounds, maintain fluid balance, and have an important role in nutrient transport.
• Protein requirements are 1 gm/kg for an Indian adult, assuming a net protein utilization (NPU) of 65.
• Protein nutrition status is measured by Serum Albumin Concentration, which should be more than 3.5 g/dl.
• Less than 3.5 g/dl shows mild malnutrition.
• Less than 3.0 g/dl shows severe malnutrition.
• Vitamin E is the most toxic vitamin when ingested.
• Development of a bleeding diathesis characterized by hematomas, hematuria, malena and ecchymoses, and intracranial hemorrhage in neonates are effects of deficiency in vitamin K.
• Vitamin K1 (Phytodione) and Vitamin K2 (Menadione) are orally active forms of vitamin K.
• Wet Beri Beri, which leads to peripheral vasodilation, subsequently more rapid AV shunting of blood, peripheral edema, and Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome, is associated with deficiency in vitamin B1.
• Hypervitaminosis E has not been described.
• Oral diseases associated with deficiency in vitamin K include gingival bleeding, and prothrombin levels <35% lead to bleeding during brushing.
• Prothrombin levels <35% lead to bleeding during brushing, and prothrombin levels <20% lead to spontaneous gingival hemorrhage.
• Hemolytic and hypoplastic anemia, degenerative lesions in skeletal muscles and heart are effects of deficiency in vitamin E.
• Formation of renal calculi and adrenal dysfunctions are associated with excessive intake of vitamin C.
• Ariboflavinosis, characterized by angular stomatitis, cheilosis, nasolabial seborrhoea, is associated with deficiency in vitamin B2 (Riboflavin).
• Nervous system changes, depressed tendon reflexes, ataxia, dysarthria, and loss of pain sensation are clinical manifestations of deficiency in vitamin E.
• Irregular dentin formation and pulp stones, hypercalcification of alveolar bone, periodontal membrane and gingiva, and increased cementum deposition leading to ankylosis are effects of excessive intake of vitamin E.
• Dermatitis, usually bilaterally symmetrical, found on exposed areas of body, is associated with deficiency in vitamin B2 (Riboflavin).
• Excessive amount of calculus, rampant caries, thinning of enamel, dentin and alveolar process, and pulpal calcification are effects of deficiency in vitamin E.
• Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) deficiency results in Dry Beri Beri (polineuropathy) and Non specific peripheral neuropathy with myelin degeneration and disruption of axons, involving motor, sensory and reflex arcs.