Nucleic acid

• Lipids are groups of naturally occurring substances consisting of higher fatty acids, naturally occurring compounds, substances found naturally in association with them, and the word lipids means greasy or fat-like.
• There are two types of fatty acids: saturated fatty acid, which are solid at room temperature and mostly found in animals, and unsaturated fatty acid, which occur in the liquid state at room temperature and are found mainly in plants.
• Triglycerides, also known as blood fats, circulate in the bloodstream along with cholesterol and are obtained from food such as meat and plant oils.
• Sphingolipids are specifically found in the brain, lungs, and nerve tissues and serve as surfactants that help reduce tension on the lungs to maintain its right shape.
• Simple lipids are esters formed after reaction of fatty acids with various alcohols, including fats and oil (fatty acid + glycerol) and waxes (ester of fatty acids and alcohols other than glycerol).
• Compound lipids are esters of fatty acids containing other groups in addition to alcohol and fatty acids, including phospholipids or phosphatides (alcohol+ fatty acid+ H3PO4+ nitrogenous base) and glycolipids or cerebrosides (alcohol + fatty acid + CH2O+ nitrogenous base).
• Derived lipids are substances derived from group 1 and 2 by hydrolysis, including fatty acids of various series, sterols (high molecular weight alcohol of cyclic structure), and fatty aldehydes.
• Substances associated with lipids include carotenoids (from vitamin A), tocopherols (from vitamin E), Menadione (from vitamin K), and steroids (hormones).
• Fats are the highest energy-giving foods, providing one gram of fat with 9,500 calories of heat.
• Fats serve as a reserved supply of fuel.
• Fats protect nerve endings and delicate organs.
• Fats are used for insulation.
• Fats supply the essential fatty acids in the body.
• Fats are constituents of protoplasm.
• Nucleic acids are macromolecules found in animals and plant cells that participate in the storage, transmission, and translation of generic information.
• The elemental composition of nucleic acid is: Carbon, Nitrogen (15 - 16 %), Hydrogen, Phosphorus (9 - 10%).
• Nucleic acid is made up of subunits called nucleotides.
• Hydrolysis in nucleic acids yields a group of compounds known as nucleotides.
• On further hydrolysis, nucleotides split into phosphoric acid and nucleotides which in turn are composed of sugar (robose or deoxyribose) and nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine).
• Purines in nucleic acids include adenine (A) and guanine (G).
• Pyrimidines in nucleic acids include cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U).
• DNA is mainly located in the nucleus but also found in mitochondria and chloroplast.
• RNA is found in the cytoplasm and nucleus.
• Pyrimidines are associated from hydrolysates of nucleic acids and are important biologically because they are derivatives.
• Purines are made up of six membered pyrimidine ring and five membered imidazole ring.
• Nucleosides are compounds in which the sugar ribose or deoxyribose is linked to a purine or pyrimidine base.
• Ribose Nucleosides are formed by linking ribose to adenine and guanine.
• Deoxyribose Nucleosides are formed by linking deoxyribose to adenine and guanine.
• Nucleotides are phosphoric esters of nucleotides and are strongly acidic.
• The names of the nucleotides are: Adenylic Acid, Guanylic Acid, Thymidic Acid, Cytidylic Acid, Uridylic Acid.