surface anatomy of the head

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    • The internal carotid arteries supply oxygenated blood to the brain.
    • The vertebral arteries are branches of the subclavian arteries that enter the cranial cavity through the foramina transversaria of C1-C6 vertebrae.
    • muscles of the head and neck
    • the muscles of mastication (chewing) include temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid, and digastric
    • temporalis muscle is fan shaped with its origin on the temporal bone and insertion into the coronoid process of mandible
    • masseter muscle has two origins from the zygomatic arch and sphenoid bone and one insertion onto the ramus of the mandible
    • masseter muscle has two origins from zygomatic arch and mandibular ramus and one insertion onto the angle of the mandible
    • masseter muscle has two heads - one from zygomatic arch and another from zygomatic process of maxilla; it inserts onto the ramus of mandible
    • medial pterygoid muscle has origins at the medial plate of sphenoid bone and inserts into the medial aspect of the mandibular ramus
    • medial pterygoid muscle has two origins from the maxilla and palatine bones and one insertion onto the medial aspect of the mandibular ramus
    • medial pterygoid muscle has two origins from the maxillary tuberosity and sphenoid bone and one insertion onto the medial aspect of the mandible
    • lateral pterygoid muscle has two origins from the lateral pterygoid plate and pyramidal process of palatine bone and one insertion onto the articular disc of TMJ
    • digastric muscle has two heads - anterior belly originates from the xiphisternum and posterior belly originates from the styloid process of the temporal bone
    • lateral pterygoid muscle has two origins from the lateral pterygoid plate of the spinenoid bone and one insertion onto the articular disc between the condyle and glenoid fossa
    • medial pterygoid muscle has two origins from the maxilla and palate and one insertion onto the medial aspect of the mandible
    • digastric muscle has two heads - anterior belly originates from the xiphisternum and posterior belly originates from the styloid process of temporal bone
    • lateral pterygoid muscle has two origins from the lateral pterygoid plate and one insertion onto the articular disc
    • medial pterygoid muscle has two origins from the medial plate of spinenoid bone and one insertion onto the medial aspect of the mandible
    • lateral pterygoid muscle has two origins from the lateral pterygoid plate of spinenoid bone and one insertion onto the articular disc of TMJ
    • digastric muscle has two bellies - anterior belly arises from the body of hyoid bone and posterior belly arises from styloid process of temporal bone; both insert onto the mandible
    • lateral pterygoid muscle has origins at the lateral pterygoid plate of spinenoid bone and inserts into the articular disc of TMJ
    • temporalis muscle has origin on temporal fossa, inserts onto coronoid process of mandible
    • lateral pterygoid muscle has origin on the lateral pterygoid plate of spinenoid bone and inserts into the articular disc of temporomandibular joint
    • digastric muscle has anterior belly that arises from the posterior surface of the body of the hyoid bone and posterior belly that arises from the styloid process of temporal bone
    • anterior belly of digastric muscle inserts into the anterior border of the mandible while posterior belly inserts into the mastoid notch of temporal bone
    • cranial nerves
    • CN3 oculomotor nerve
    • CN2 optic nerve
    • CN1 olfactory nerve
    • CN4 trochlear nerve
    • CN5 trigeminal nerve
    • CN6 abducens nerve
    • CN7 facial nerve
    • CN8 vestibulocochlear nerve
    • CN9 glossopharyngeal nerve
    • CN11 spinal accessory nerve
    • CN12 hypoglossal nerve
    • The external acoustic means also has several important structures such as the tragus, antitragus, lobule, helix, antihelix, concha, and fossa triangularis.
    • It contains the auditory canal (external opening to the middle ear) and the tympanic membrane (eardrum).
    • The external acoustic means is located on the lateral side of the skull, just above the ear.
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