A&P Exam 1

• Which cells of the cardiac conduction system are responsible for delaying electrical impulses to give the ventricles time to fill with blood?

  
  

  atrioventricular node
• The sinoatrial (SA) node will fire on its own at regular intervals because of a gradual depolarization of its cells. This is called the pacemaker potential, and is generally generated by a steady "leaky" inflow of _______ ions

  sodium/calcium
• Ventricular depolarization is identified on an EKG as the __________, whereas ventricular repolarization is identified as the __________.

  
  

  QRS complex, T-wave
• During initial stages of hemostasis (blood clotting), damage to blood vessels exposes _______, which allows platelets to attach and form a platelet plug

  collagen
• Which blood vessel layer is characterized by the presence of smooth muscle and elastin?

  tunica media
• Which of the following cells of the cardiac conction system initiates each heartbeat?

  sinoatrial (SA) node
• During the process of erythopoiesis, which is the first cell that is "committed" to becoming a red blood cell?

  erythrocyte colony-forming unit
• Erythropoietin (EPO) is made in the ________ and travels to the ______ to stimulate red blood cell formation.

  kidney, red bone marrow
• A person with AB blood could safely receive a transfusion of which of the following blood types? (Do not worry bout Rh factor for this question)

  all of the above
• __________ are one of the most abundant artery types and are characterized by having a thick tunica media , and are very good at vasomotion.

  muscular arteries
• Which agranulocyte ultimately matures into a macrophage?

  monocyte
• Give the name for the structures that separate branching cardiac cells. These structures possess desmosomes and gap junctions, and are responsible for the coordinated contraction of cells within the heart.

  intercalated discs
• When the heart or a vessel is contracted it is said to be in a state of ________: when relaxed, the heart or vessel is said to be in a state of _______.

  systole, diastole
• Which of the following doesn't contribute to the venous return of blood to the heart?

  lymphatic pump
• Which of the following plasma proteins are the smallest and most abundant in plasma and act to influence blood pressure, blood flow, and fluid balance?

  albumins
• Which of the following layers of the heart wall is both the muscular portion of the heart and contains part of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

  myocardium
• The right ventricle of the heart is larger and more muscular because it must pump blood to the systemic circuit.

  false
• Calculate the mean arterial pressure (MAP) for a person with a systolic pressure of 125 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure of 80 mm Hg.

  95 mm Hg
• When erythrocytes reach the end of their life (about 120 days), where are they broken down?

  liver and spleen
• Select the correct flow of blood starting at the right atrium and ending at the lungs:

  right atrium > right AV valve > right ventricle > pulmonary valve > pulmonary trunk > pulmonary arteries > lungs
• Some tissues and organs can auto regulate their own blood flow. For example, if the tissue is inadequately perfused with blood, the accumulation of wastes stimulates _________ which increases blood perfusion and removes the wastes.

  vasodilation
• When considering Rh factor and pregnancy, which of the following situations would require special concern/precaution to be taken to monitor whether or not the mother could be at risk of exposure to Rh+ blood from the fetus?

  mother is Rh- and father is Rh+
• How does a baroreceptor-initiated reflex act to lower blood pressure?

  baroreceptors send impulses to the vasomotor center and sympathetic signals are reduced causing vasodilation
• Which of the following hormones acts to lower blood pressure by increasing sodium excretion in the urine?

  atrial natriuretic peptide
• Which of the following is a precursor cell line the produces basophils?

  myeloblasts
• Which form of shock is caused by a severe immune reaction, such as a reaction to a bee sting?

  anaphylactic shock
• Red blood cells do not consume the oxygen they transport

  true
• Which capillary type is defined as having pores, and is found in organs that function in filtration (e.g. kidney)?

  fenestrated
• Nutrient and gas exchange between the blood and tissues primarily occurs in vessels routes called arteriovenosis anastomoses (shunts).

  false
• When the ventricles contract, which two structures collaborate to prevent the cusps of the atrioventricular valves (AV) from flipping inside out or bulging in to the atrium (and thus, prevent blood from flowing from the ventricle into the atrium)?

  papillary muscles, chordae tendinae
• Which of the following types of anemia results from vitamin B12 deficiency?

  pernicious anemia
• After the atrioventriculat (AV) node fires, the excitation spreads to which structure of the cardiac conduction system?

  AV bundle
• Repolarization, and thus relaxation, of the heart muscle cells is due to:

  opening of K+ channels and K+ leaving the cell
• Most (about three-quarters) of your capillary beds are open at any given time because precapillary sphincters only close in emergency situations.

  false
• Which of the following circulatory routes allows blood to flow through two consecutive capillary beds before returning to the heart?

  portal system
• What antigens does a patient with type B+ blood have on her red blood cells?

  B and Rh
• A patient with type B+ blood could safely receive types B+, B-, O+, and O- blood.

  true
• We ingest both ferric ions (Fe3+) and ferrous ions (Fe2+) in our diet. However, we can only use ferrous ions to make hemoglobin. What substance in our body converts ferric ions to ferrous ions?

  stomach acid
• Which of the following has the most powerful influence over blood flow, and thus is the most common way the body controls resistance and flow?

  blood vessel radius
• A person's blood type is determined by _______, which are complex molecules on the surface of his or her red blood cells.

  antigens