Stats 1

• What is a Population?

  Specific collection of objects of interest.
• What is a sample?

  A representative subset or portion of a larger population or group.
• Define Census

  Case that the sample consist of the whole population.
• What is a parameter?


  A number that summarizes some aspect of the population as a whole.
• What is the difference between Statistic and Statistics?


  Statistic - number computed from the sample data

  Statistics - collection of methods and principles used to work with data.
• What is a Descriptive Statistics?


  describe the main features of a dataset.
• What is Inferential Statistics?


  Inferential Statistics is the branch of statistics that involves making inferences or predictions about a population based on sample data.
• Difference between Qualitative and Quantitative Data


  Qualitative - Subjective, study about the behavior

  Quantitative - Objective, numbers
• What is the importance of Statistics?

  Organize numerical information, Understand techniques that leads to decisions, and make informed informations.
• What is a Statistical Inquiry?

  used to carry out investigations
• What are the Steps in Conducting a Statistical Inquiry?

  1 - Identify the Question (Problem)

  2 - Designing a Study (Plan)

  3 - Collecting Data (Data)

  4 - Analyze the Data (Analysis)

  5 - Make a conclusion and discuss limitations (Conclusions)
• What are the questions to be asked in Step 1?

  -What is the question?

  -Is it possible to answer the questions with statistics?

  -Is the data obtainable?

  -Is it Ethical to obtain such Data?

  -If not, is there a reasonable substitute?

  -Are the assumptions reasonable?
• What is the Step 2 of Conducting A Statistical Inquiry all about?

  How the data will be gathered.
• What are the steps in Designing a study plan?

  1.Identify the Population interest

  2.Survey (Sample techniques & Sources of Bias)

  3. Observational Studies

  4. Designing on an Experiment

  5.EDA - Exploratory Data Analysis

  6. Pilot Study
• What are the things to be identified when collecting a data?

  • Variables
  • Types of Variables (Qualitative or Quantitative)
  • Limits of measurement or observation
• In analyzing a data, what are the things to look out for?

  • Proper procedures and techniques
  • Check the assumptions behind the procedures and techniques
• What are the questions to answer on Step 5?


  -What are the answers to the original hypothesis?

  -What are the limitations of the study?

  -What conclusions does the study not make?

  -What new questions arise from the study?
• What does it mean when it says, independent variable?

  The independent variable is the variable that is manipulated or changed by the researcher in an experiment.
• What is dependent variable?


  The variable that is being measured or observed in an experiment.
• You work for a human resources consulting firm, and a client has approached you with concerns about employee job satisfaction within their organization.
• The client is interested in identifying the key factors that contribute to job satisfaction among their employees.
• To investigate these factors, you need to design a study.
• The study should determine the dependent and independent variables.
• The independent variables in the study include Work-Life Balance, Job Security, and Relationship with Colleagues.
• Work-Life Balance in the study is classified into three levels: Poor Work-Life Balance, Moderate Work-Life Balance, and Excellent Work-Life Balance.
• Job Security in the study is classified into three levels: Low Job Security, Moderate Job Security, and High Job Security.
• Relationship with Colleagues in the study is classified into three levels: Poor Relationships, Moderate Relationships, and Strong Relationships.
• The dependent variable in the study is Employee Job Satisfaction, which is also classified into three levels: Low Job Satisfaction, Moderate Job Satisfaction, and High Job Satisfaction.
• It is the method in which summarize, organize, and communicate information using variety of tools such as diagrams, charts, etc.


  Presentation of Data
• What are the various mode of data presentation?

  Textual, tabular, graphical
• It is presented in the form of text, phrases, or paragraphs. Mostly can be found in newspaper reports.

  Textual
• It is more reliable and effective way of showing relationships or comparison of data using tables.


  Tabular
• What must be accompanied in a tabular data?

  short narrative
• What is a Frequency Distribution Table?

  It shows the data arrange in different classes and frequencies.
• What are the Types of FDT?

  Ungrouped Data and Grouped Data
• What is Ungrouped Data
• What is Grouped Data?

  Organized and arrange into different categories
• What are the things to remember in making a Grouped Data? Explain each.


  -Lower Class Limits

  -Upper Class Limits

  -Class Boundaries

  -Class Midpoints

  -Class Width
• It is the most effective way of presenting data.

  Graphical
• What is the advantage of Graphical?

  Can easily attract the attention as well as the interest of the reader.