Popper

• Karl Popper: empiricists that propose a deductive way of framing science, and also a method of control which is not aimed to having positive evidence for supporting a theory put negative evidence.
• The problem of induction is the problem of the truthfulness of general statements based on particular statements.
• The validity of general statements based on particular ones is questioned due to the gap between observation (limited) and the universality of general statements.
• According to Karl Popper, we are not justified in believing on the truthfulness of general statements by our own experience.
• The critique of the validity of inductive inferences holds both for verifiability and confirmability.
• Natural laws are universal statements formulated on the basis of inductive inferences, which question the validity of inductive inferences.
• The principle of induction is not a tautology or an analytic statement, it must be a synthetic statement that needs to be satisfied the principle of induction.
• The principle of induction, according to Karl Popper, must be a synthetic statement that needs to be justified.
• Today's science is built upon yesterday’s science, and yesterday’s science is based on the science of the day before.
• Critical rationalism supports the idea that experience is theory-laden, so observations are theory-laden.
• The procedure of testing turns out to be deductive.
• If the experiment gives a positive outcome, the theory has passed its test, but if the experiment gives negative outcomes, the statements and the theory will be falsified.
• Falsification is the testing of the theory by way of empirical applications of the conclusions which can be derived from it.
• The oldest scientific theories are built on pre-scientific myths, and these on still older expectations.
• Experience holds the function to control the goodness of a theory, this is the critical element.
• There is only one step from the amoeba to Einstein in the process of knowing by correcting horizons of expectation.
• Observations can be tests.
• Science presupposes a horizon of expectations, built upon the science of the day before.
• The falsification principle states that those which are falsifiable are scientific and those which are not are not scientific.
• In the theory of gravity, the prediction is that if I leave an object it will fall down, and the test is to actually leave the object and observe it fall down.
• We approach reality according to our horizons of expectations.
• Falsification is the method of control according to Popper, it is hypothetico-deductive rather than inductive.
• Popper believes that we have an inborn knowledge (inborn expectations) that if disappointed create our first problem and the growth of our knowledge may therefore be described as consisting throughout of corrections and modification of previous knowledge.
• The principle of induction must be a universal statement in its turn.
• Observations play, however, an important role as tests which hypothesis must undergo in the course of our critical examination of it.
• Induction cannot be rationally founded.
• Popper believes that we are living int he centre of what he calls a Horizon of expectation: the sum total of our expectations, whether these are subconscious, conscious or explicitly stated.
• According to Popper, experience does not constitute a reliable basis for knowledge, but theory does.
• We approach reality on the ground of our own horizon of expectation, everyone has one: which contains expectations, hypothesis, innate knowledge, and our way of approach knowledge.
• Popper's rationalism is connected to Evolutionary epistemology, a backward pattern including: theory, implicit expectations, innate knowledge, physiology of sense organs, and pre-categorization experience.
• The search light theory is supported by Popper against to the bucket theory that state that we are buckets filled by knowledge.
• If the hypothesis does not pass the examination, if it is falsified by our observations, then we have to look around for a new hypothesis.
• This slide (picture) conveys the idea that we are predetermined.
• All ravens are birds.
• All ravens change plumage once a year.
• Popper believes that knowledge is theoretical than observation.
• Popper is a critical rationalist.
• The search light theory states that: we illuminate reality on the basis of our own horizon of expectations.
• Theory always come first, but observation has a role of controlling the correctness of the theory.
• According to Salmon, corroboration cannot supply a rational basis for preference of a theory for purposes of practical prediction.