PSY 366 exam 1

• what are the four aspects of ethnic-racial socialization?

  Cultural socialization, preparation for bias, promotion of mistrust, and egalitarianism.
• what is preparation for bias and when could it be helpful?

  involves making children aware of discrimination and teaching them how to cope with it; parents can use this before they introduce their children to a new environment such as school
• what is cultural socialization?

  The process of learning and internalizing cultural norms, values, and beliefs within a society.
• what are examples of cultural socialization?

  talking about historical or cultural figures, exposing children to relevant books or music, celebrating cultural holidays, speaking native language, and eating ethnic foods
• what is the promotion of mistrust?

  involves the need for wariness and distrust in interethnic interactions
• what is egalitarianism and when could it be used?

  involves an emphasis on racial equality and acceptance of diversity; can be useful when parents want their children to not feel 'othered'
• what is minority stress?

  Psychological stress experienced by individuals who belong to marginalized or minority groups.
• what are the three assumptions of minority stress?

  unique (additive to general stressors), chronic (related to stable social and cultural structures), and socially based (stems from social processes, institutions, and structures beyond the individual)
• what are examples of a distal stressor?

  external events such as discrimination or rejection
• what are examples of proximal stressors?

  internal processes, often response to distal stressors; expectation of rejection, identity concealment, and internalized homophobia
• what was the minority stress model first established for by Dr. Meyer?

  LGBTQ individuals.
• what is intersectionality?

  framework for conceptualizing complex relationship between identities and systems of power, privilege, and oppression
• true or false: intersectionality is the same as multiculturalism?

  false.
• what is multiculturalism?

  Cultural diversity and coexistence.
• how does ethnic-racial trauma differ from PTSD?

  avoidance of racism is not possible because it can happen in any setting, and negative thoughts may be worse for those with ethnic-racial trauma due to the core beliefs about lack of benevolence in the world
• what does ethnic-racial trauma include?

  overt discrimination, micro aggressions, and historical trauma
• what is the difference between stress and trauma?

  Stress is a response to a challenging or demanding situation, while trauma refers to a deeply distressing or disturbing event that overwhelms a person's ability to cope.
• what is exceptionalism?

  other people may be racist but not you because you are the 'exception'
• what is proxy privilege?

  when we benefit from someone else's privilege (someone choosing to use their privilege to benefit you)
• what is grounded theory used for?

  analyzing qualitative data (like a t test or anova)
• what are the two most common ways to collect qualitative data?

  Interviews and focus groups
• what is the difference explicit and implicit prejudice?

  Explicit prejudice refers to conscious and deliberate biases, while implicit prejudice refers to unconscious biases that people may not be aware of.
• what is a stereotype?

  an attribution of particular characteristics to a whole group of people
• what is prejudice?

  negative bias toward a social category of people that may be experienced as anger, disgust, or fear
• what is discrimination?

  unfair behavior based on prejudice and stereotypes
• what is overt discrimination?

  race related interactions that include being laughed at, being harrassed or insulted, and overhearing an offensive joke
• what is an invalidation microaggression?

  A form of subtle discrimination that dismisses or undermines the experiences or feelings of marginalized individuals.
• what are five social determinants of health?

  economic stability, education access and quality, healthcare access and quality, neighborhood and built environment, social and community context
• how can social determinants of health perpetuate racial/ethnic health disparities?


  Structural racism. (these are dependent on access, which is a result of higher levels of education and high paying jobs in order to get access to health care or have good quality care)
• what is the connection between culture and the brain?

  cultural neuroscience (affect valuation theory)
• is there a single that is sufficient enough to classify humans into racial categories?

  No.
• what is the difference between the berry model of acculturation and lafromboise models of acculturation?

  berry model is most applicable European immigrants and the lafromboise model is most applicable to North American ethnic minorities groups
• what is the immigrant paradox?

  people born in a foreign country report lower rates of mental illness, despite experiencing unique immigration stressors, compared with people born in the U.S.
• what does critical consciousness involve?

  critical reflection, critical action, and believing that one can create social change
• what are the five stages of the racial/cultural identity development model?

  conformity, dissonance and appreciating, resistance and immersion, introspection, and integrative awareness
• what are the four stages of cross nigrescence theory?

  Pre-encounter (low salience), encounter (search for a new identity), immersion/emersion (fueled by strong emotions), and internalization (self acceptance).
• what is the association between acculturation and enculturation?

  Cultural adaptation.
• what are the four models of berry model of acculturation?

  Integration, Assimilation, Separation, Marginalization.
• what is race?

  A social construct that categorizes oneself or others to a specific racial group
• what is ethnicity?

  a categorization of oneself or others to a group with unique cultural and social heritage and practices