Fungal diseases

• Pathogens are disease-causing viruses, bacteria, fungi or protists, which can infect animals and plants.
• Humans have an immune system, which can defend them from pathogens.
• Viral diseases, bacterial diseases, protist diseases and fungal diseases are caused by different types of pathogens.
• Pathogens can be prevented from spreading by taking certain measures.
• Interpreting information from graphs is a crucial skill in understanding diseases.
• Non-specific human defence systems against disease include physical barriers, skin microbiome, and immunological memory.
• The immune system in defence against disease includes physical barriers, skin microbiome, and immunological memory.
• Fungal diseases are caused by a large group of eukaryotic organisms that contain single-celled yeasts, moulds and mushrooms.
• Not all fungi are single-celled, some such as mushrooms are multicellular and so much larger.
• Fungal cells have a nucleus which controls what happens inside the cell.
• Chromosomes are structures found in the nucleus of most cells.
• The plural of nucleus is nuclei.
• Eukaryotic cells are single-celled organisms or cells of multicellular organisms that have a nucleus.
• Athlete's foot is caused by a fungus and is a rash caused by a fungus that is usually found between people's toes.
• Rose black spot is caused by a fungus which infects roses and infects leaves, causing black or purple spots on the leaves.
• The rest of the leaves often turn yellow and can drop off the plant, reducing the plant's ability to photosynthesise.
• Rose black spot can be transmitted in air or water, as well as through direct contact by gardeners.
• Rose black spot can be treated using fungicides and by removing and destroying infected leaves.