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Subdecks (14)
3.5
Biology
7 cards
3.7
Biology
16 cards
3.6
Biology
95 cards
Respiration
Biology
3 cards
Photosynthesis
Biology
36 cards
Answering Techniques
Biology
2 cards
Inheritance
Biology
19 cards
Biodiversity
Biology
41 cards
Immunity
Biology
31 cards
Genetic Diversity and Adaptaion
Biology
14 cards
DNA and protein synthesis
Biology
35 cards
Cells
Biology
102 cards
Biological Molecules
Biology
92 cards
Cards (524)
Leaf adaptation for efficient gas exchange
Broad
and
Thin
Large surface area
to
volume ratio
; no
cell far
from
air
2.
Large number
of
air spaces
within
leaf
Upper epidermis
Transparent
Allows
light
to pass through
Palisade Mesophyll
Lots of
chloroplasts
For
photosynthesis
Stacked
More
light
can be captured
Spongy Mesophyll
Air spaces
Allows
diffusion
to occur more efficently.
Xylem
Carries
water
and
minerals
Phloem
Carries
sucrose
Mass transport
Bulk movement of
gases
or liquids in
one
direction
Haemoglobins
A
group
of
chemically similar molecules
found in many
different organisms
Haemoglobin consists of
four polypeptide
chains
2 alpha 2 beta
Each
polypeptide chain
is associated with a prosthetic haem group
Haem group contains an
Fe2+ ion
Each
haemoglobin
molecule can carry
four oxygen
molecules.
Haemoglobin combines with oxygen to form
oxyhaemoglobin.
Association of oxygen
Process
which
haemoglobin binds
with
oxygen.
Occurs in
lungs
Dissociation of oxygen
Process which
oxygen
is
released
from
haemoglobin
Occurs in
lungs
for
haemoglobin
to
bind
to
oxygen
again.
Affinity
Degree
to which one
substance combines
with
another.
Haemoglobin affinity
changes
under
different
conditions by
changing
its
shape
in the
presence
of certain substances.
Different species have
different
types
of haemoglobin.
Different
oxygen
transport
properties
adapted to the
environment
of each animal
Haemoglobin is a
globular protein
Four globin subunits are held together by disulphide bonds
Hydrophobic
R groups face
inwards
Preserve the
3D
spherical shape
Hydrophilic
R groups face
outwards
Maintain
solubility
Reasons why molecules cannot pass through cell-surface membrane through simple diffusion.
Too
large
Polar
Hydrophilic
Production of calibration curves
Make solutions of known
concentrations
and carry out
quantitative
tests on each.
Use
colorimeter
to measure colour value of each solution and plot calibration curve.
Concentration on
x-axis
, Colorimeter reading on
y-axis
Find concentration of sample from calibration curve
interpolation.
Exopeptidase
Hydrolyses
peptide bonds at end
s.
Removes amino acids at ends
Endopeptidase
Hydrolyse
internal
peptide
bonds.
Break proteins into shorter chains
Increases surface area; number of ends
Why use a colourimeter
Improves
repeatability
of results
Quantitative
;
subjective
colour change
Standardises
method
Countercurrent Flow
Blood
and
water
flow in
opposite
directions
Maintains
constant
concentration
gradient
Diffusion
occurs
throughout
the
lamellae
Endopeptidases
Hydrolyse
bonds
at
ends
of polypeptides into
dipeptides.
Endoeptidases
Hydrolyses
middle
of polypeptide chains into
shorter
polypeptides
Digestion
Hydrolysis
of
large
insoluble
molecules
into
smaller
soluble
molecules
Hydrogen bonds
Form between
strongly
polar
R groups
Weakest
bonds
Most
common
Hydrophobic interactions
Form between the
non-polar
(
hydrophobic)
R groups
within the
interior
of
proteins.
Cell division occurs at the
apex
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