Bacte Part 3 HACEK

• Haemophilus aegyptius, also known as Koch-Week’s Bacillus, is the causative agent of Pink-eye conjunctivitis.
• Haemophilus ducreyi requires X factor only and is the smallest pathogenic bacteria.
• Haemophilus ducreyi is the infective agent of CHANCROID, a venereal disease characterized by painful ulcers in the genitalia.
• Haemophilus ducreyi can be identified through short bacilli in a school of fish arrangement.
• Campylobacter is characterized by S-shaped or Sea-gull’s wings morphology and is a human pathogen associated with gastritis and diarrhea.
• Campylobacter is also a pathogen of animals, specifically C.fetus, which causes abortions in animals and does not grow at 42 degC.
• Campylobacter is microaerophilic and capnophilic, motile, gram-negative rods that are associated with gastritis and diarrhea.
• The optimum temperature for growth of Campylobacter is 42-43 º C.
• Campylobacter motility is single polar flagellum, also known as “DARTING”.
• The culture medium for Campylobacter is Campy’s BAP and Skirrow’s medium.
• H.pylori is associated with peptic ulcer and its natural habitat is the human stomach, where the organism is found in the mucus secreting cells.
• Current evidence suggests a role between H.pylori and peptic and duodenal ulcers.
• Histology staining and culture of biopsies obtained from the stomach or duodenum are recommended for the identification of Helicobacter.
• Helicobacter is Le(a-b+), Group O secretor, meaning it is more likely to infect individuals with certain phenotypes.
• Helicobacter pylori is a strong producer of urease to withstand the acidity of the stomach.
• Helicobacter pylori is motile by 4 to 6 polar flagella.
• The optimum temperature for growth of Helicobacter is 35-37 degC.
• Skirrow’s medium can also support the growth of Helicobacter.
• Humans acquire Brucella infections through the ingestion of contaminated animal products, including meats and milk, and farmers can directly acquire infections through direct animal contact.
• Brucella is associated with milk and dairy products and is the agent of brucellosis, undulant fever, and Malta fever.
• Bordetella urease, motility, nitrate oxidase, and B.pertussis are positive, while B.parapertussis and B.bronchiseptica are negative.
• Pylori and Bordetella are examples of gram-negative bacilli, which are obligate aerobes, non-motile except for Bordetella bronchiseptica, and the agents of whooping cough.
• Brucella is a small, nonmotile, aerobic, gram negative coccobacilli or short rods.
• In 1954, Brucella suis became the first agent weaponized by the United States in its offensive biological warfare program.
• The ideal specimen for testing Bordetella is a nasopharyngeal swab.
• Pseudomonas, Neisseria, Brucella, Bordetella, Francisella, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Nocardia asteroides, and most fungi except yeast are examples of obligate aerobes.
• Bordetella parapertussis is a mild form of pertussis, also known as pertussis-like syndrome.
• Brucella is the normal flora of the urinary tract and GIT of sheep/goat ( Brucella melitensis ), cattles ( Brucella abortus ), pigs ( Brucella suis ) and dogs ( Brucella canis ).
• Bordetella culture medium includes Bordet-Gengou Medium, which is a potato-glycerol based medium enriched with 15-20% defibrinated blood, and Regan-Lowe/Charcoal-Cephalexin Medium, which is charcoal agar supplemented with horse blood, cephalexin, and amphotericin B.
• Bordetella colonies are characterized by Mercury droplets.
• Bordetella pertussis is the agent of whooping cough, which has three stages: catarrhal, paroxysmal, and convalescent.
• Bordetella bronchiseptica is a motile bacteria that inhabits the respiratory tract of canines and is infrequently responsible for chronic respiratory tract infections in humans.
• Brucella is currently listed as a Category B agent that can be used for biowarfare, bioterrorism or biocriminal activities.
• Tularemia is acquired through the inhalation of aerosols or through insect vectors, primarily ticks.
• Wound infections are the most common type of Pasteurella infection.
• Brucella species include B.abortus, B.melitensis, B.suis, and B.canis.
• Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is characterized by foul-smelling, grayish, vaginal discharge.
• Specimen for Brucella testing include Blood and Bone marrow.
• Legionella is a gram-negative bacilli that includes Legionella pneumophila (Legionnaire’s disease, Pontiac fever), Legionella micdadei (Pittsburgh pneumonia), Legionella bozemanni (Wiga agent of pneumonia), and is naturally found in both natural and artificial water sources.
• Incubation for Brucella is done for 3-4 weeks.