Health 3

• Communicable diseases can spread through direct or indirect contact.
• Uncontrolled documents are not subject to update notification.
• The chain of infection involves the interaction of agent, host, and environment.
• Reservoirs for infectious agents can include people, food, soil, water, and animals.
• The portal of exit is the method by which the infectious agent leaves its reservoir, such as through wounds, excretory products, or the mouth.
• Epidemic: Cases that are actively spreading and are exceeding the normal range expected in a certain community, region, or country during a given period of time.
• Outbreak: An abrupt expansion in the quantity of endemic cases or ordinary cases in a specific area, which can further progress into an epidemic if not controlled.
• Innate immunity or natural immunity: Each individual is brought into the world with intrinsic or regular immunity.
• Adaptive immunity or active immunity: Created for the duration of our lives, an individual builds up this insusceptibility when exposed to illnesses.
• Less common symptoms include loss of taste or smell, rashes, sore throat, aches and pains, and more.
• Endemic: Cases of diseases or conditions that are regularly found or are in range of what is considered to be normal in a particular location.
• The most common symptoms of the disease are dry cough, fever, and lethargy or fatigue.
• Sporadic: Cases that occur in random or irregular intervals where it is scattered to different locations.
• Pandemic: Cases of disease similar to an epidemic, but it is more widespread for it can jump to multiple countries or continents.
• Re-emerging diseases include malaria, pneumococcal disease, tuberculosis, polio, and measles.
• Vaccine: Involves the administration of weak or dead pathogens in order to develop an immunity response of the person’s body.
• Passive immunity: Acquired from another source and it goes on for a brief timeframe.
• Prevention and control strategies for emerging and re-emerging diseases include reinforcing surveillance networks, improving data gathering methods, and strengthening research programs.
• Direct prevention and control measures for COVID-19 are not mentioned in the text.
• The disease has a Case Fatality Rate of approximately 2.18%, but fatality can be influenced by factors such as age and lifestyle.
• Emerging and re-emerging diseases are defined as diseases that are newly discovered or previously unidentified in the past 2 decades, which may pose a threat on public health either locally or on an international scale.
• Emerging diseases can be caused by the appearance of previously undetected infectious agents, spillover of certain infectious agents from animals to humans, certain infectious agents that may have spread to new geographical locations, climate change, and mutation.
• Re-emerging diseases are diseases that may have been around and duly identified for some time, which have undergone a significant decline but have reappeared and shown an increase in its occurrence posing a public health problem.
• Re-emerging diseases can be caused by antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, mutation, decline in the availability or coverage of vaccines in some areas, the breakdown in the public health measures, and emergence of new strains of organisms that can cause a known disease.
• Diseases associated with emerging diseases include SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), Zika Virus Infection, Ebola Virus Disease, and Coronavirus disease (COVID-19/2019 Novel Coronavirus).
• Susceptible Host are individuals who are less capable of fighting infections but infections can still affect anyone given the right circumstances and/or the strength of the infectious agent, which may include infants, children, people committing risky behavior, unimmunized individuals, and others.
• Mode of Transmission is a process by which the pathogen travels from one spot onto the next, which can occur through a number of ways such as Direct Contact, Mother-to-Child/Vertical Transmission, Droplet Transmission, and Indirect Contact.
• Direct Contact is a method of transmission that happens when there is actual contact between an infected individual and a susceptible person, which includes Person-to-person contact, Mother-to-Child/Vertical Transmission, and Droplet Transmission.
• Portal of Entry is the method by which the irresistible agent invades the susceptible host, which includes the eyes, mouth, cuts in the skin, fingernails, ears, nose, and genital opening.
• Indirect Contact is a method of transmission that happens when there is no actual contact between the infected individual and the vulnerable one yet the contact happens on contaminated objects, vehicles, vectors, and so on, which includes Airborne Transmission, Vehicle (Fomite) Transmission, Food and Water Transmission, and Vector-borne Transmission.
• Infectious agents include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
• Reservoir is an environment where an infectious agent can survive and thrive.
• Portal of exit is the point at which an infectious agent exits the body.
• Portal of entry is the point at which an infectious agent enters the body.
• Reservoir is an environment where an infectious agent can survive and thrive.

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• Infectious agent is an organism that can cause disease.
• Understanding Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (2007) explains the five major types of infectious diseases: airborne, droplet, contact, vector, and ingestion.
• Intermountain Healthcare (April 2, 2020) explains the difference between a pandemic, an epidemic, endemic, and an outbreak.
• Higuera, Valencia (2017) explains how diseases are transmitted through indirect contact.
• Mode of transmission is the way in which an infectious agent spreads.