Schizophrenia

• Explain the Dopamine Hypothesis

  Hypodopaminergia - LOW at D1

  NEGATIVE symptoms

  Hyperdopaminergia - HIGH at D2

  POSITIVE symptoms
• Explain Juckel's explanation of SZ

  Studied activity in the stratuim

  FOUND - correlation between activity & severity
• Explain Ingram explanation of SZ

  Development of SZ is 10x more likely in BIO than ADOPTIVE. GENETICS!
• Explain Gottesman explanation of SZ

  CONCORDANCE RATE:

  MZ = 48%

  DZ = 17%

  Must be genetic but not 100%?
• Explain Ripke explanation of SZ

  META ANALYSIS:

  • 37,000 sufferers
  • 113,000 control

  SZ involves 100s of genes - Polygenetic
• Why are Black men 10x more likely to get SZ?


  Culture - not specific treatment

  Gender - not likely to speak about
• Explain SZ


  Breakdown of communications in the brain
• What are positive symptom?

  ADDITION to normal experience

  • Hallucinations
  • Delusions
  • Paraniod
• What are negative symptoms?

  LOSS of usual symptoms

  • poverty of speech
  • avolition
  • FFA
• What is Co-Morblity?

  When 2 conditions Co-exist
• What is Symptom Overlap?

  When 2 conditions share symptoms
• What is Chlorpromazine?

  Typical Antipsychotic

  • BLOCKS D1
  • REDUCES -ve symptoms
  • Sedative Effect
• What is Clozapine?

  Atypical Antipsychotic

  • Blocks D2 & glutamate + serotonin
  • Improves mood
  • Fatal Blood Condition
• How does the DMS diagnose SZ?

  must have +ve symptoms
• How does the ICD diagnose SZ?

  Must have 2 or more -ve symptoms
• What did Cheniaux find about reliability of SZ diagnosis?

  SZ is either over or under diagnosed in both DSM and ICD
• What did Soderberge & Nilsson find about diagnoses of SZ?

  DSM - 81%

  ICD - 60%

  shows concordance rate for DSM is higher so more reliable
• What did Buckley find about Co-morbidity?

  Patients with SZ could also have depression, substance abuse, PTSD and OCD
• What did Ross find about Sympton Overlap?


  people with DID have more SZ symptoms than people with SZ
• What did Pinot say about cultural bias in diagnosis?

  Need to use indigenous researchers
• What did Thornley find about Chlorpromazine?

  Drug associated with high function and low symptoms & relapse
• What did Meltzer find about both antipsychotics?


  Clozapine is more effective as better in 30-50% of the cases where chlorpromazine failed.
• Side effects of Typical drugs:

  Dry mouth

  Confusion

  Lethargy
• Side effects of Atypical drug:

  weight gain

  diabet

  fatal blood condition
• What is family dsyfunction?

  Abnormal family processes eg. Poor comunication
• Dysfunctional Thought Processes

  Not functioning normal and produce undesirable consequences
• What is Cognitive explanations?

  Focus on mental processes such as attention
• What did Frieda say about family dysfunction?


  Patient talk about SZ mother as they were cold and rejecting. Making the family tense.
• What did Bateson find about communication?


  Poor communication leads to the child getting mixed messages and feeling confused leading to paranoia.
• What are the 3 expressed emotions of SZ?

  Verbal critism

  Hostility

  Emotional over-involvement
• What is meta representation?

  Reflects on thoughts and behaviours
• What is central control?

  Surpress automatic responses leading to clear thoughts
• What does reduced processing in the ventral striatum cause?

  negative symptoms
• What does reduced processing in the temporal lobe cause?

  Hallucinations
• How does Read et al support family dysdunction as a risk factor?

  Reviewed 46 studies pf child abuse and schizophrenia and found 69% of female pacients and 59% of male pacients had a history of abuse.
• How does Stirling et al support dysfunctional processing?

  Compared Schizophrenic pacients to non Schizophrenic controls on cognitive tasks. Found that Schizophrenic pacients took 2 times as long. Suggesting a lack of central control.
• How does Tienari suggest that pacients are not reliable?


  Pacients recall of childhood experiences may be distorted
• Why does the cognitive explanation have cause and effect?

  Unclear if the factors are a cause or as a result of neural correlates and abnormal neurotransmitter levels.
• What is CBT?


  Tackles dysfunctional thought processes by challenging a pacients beliefs
• How does Turkington study CBT?

  Discussion with a pacient showed they though the Mafia were observing them. Turkington asked if this was resonable and tried to give other explanations on why they feel this way.