Development of SZ is 10x more likely in BIO than ADOPTIVE. GENETICS!
Explain Gottesman explanation of SZ
CONCORDANCE RATE:
MZ = 48%
DZ = 17%
Must be genetic but not 100%?
Explain Ripke explanation of SZ
META ANALYSIS:
37,000 sufferers
113,000 control
SZ involves 100s of genes - Polygenetic
Why are Black men 10x more likely to get SZ?
Culture - not specific treatment
Gender - not likely to speak about
Explain SZ
Breakdown of communications in the brain
What are positive symptom?
ADDITION to normal experience
Hallucinations
Delusions
Paraniod
What are negative symptoms?
LOSS of usual symptoms
poverty of speech
avolition
FFA
What is Co-Morblity?
When 2 conditions Co-exist
What is Symptom Overlap?
When 2 conditions share symptoms
What is Chlorpromazine?
Typical Antipsychotic
BLOCKS D1
REDUCES -ve symptoms
Sedative Effect
What is Clozapine?
Atypical Antipsychotic
Blocks D2 & glutamate + serotonin
Improves mood
Fatal Blood Condition
How does the DMS diagnose SZ?
must have +ve symptoms
How does the ICD diagnose SZ?
Must have 2 or more -ve symptoms
What did Cheniaux find about reliability of SZ diagnosis?
SZ is either over or under diagnosed in both DSM and ICD
What did Soderberge & Nilsson find about diagnoses of SZ?
DSM - 81%
ICD - 60%
shows concordance rate for DSM is higher so more reliable
What did Buckley find about Co-morbidity?
Patients with SZ could also have depression, substance abuse, PTSD and OCD
What did Ross find about Sympton Overlap?
people with DID have more SZ symptoms than people with SZ
What did Pinot say about cultural bias in diagnosis?
Need to use indigenous researchers
What did Thornley find about Chlorpromazine?
Drug associated with high function and low symptoms & relapse
What did Meltzer find about both antipsychotics?
Clozapine is more effective as better in 30-50% of the cases where chlorpromazine failed.
Side effects of Typical drugs:
Dry mouth
Confusion
Lethargy
Side effects of Atypical drug:
weight gain
diabet
fatal blood condition
What is family dsyfunction?
Abnormal family processes eg. Poor comunication
Dysfunctional Thought Processes
Not functioning normal and produce undesirable consequences
What is Cognitive explanations?
Focus on mental processes such as attention
What did Frieda say about family dysfunction?
Patient talk about SZ mother as they were cold and rejecting. Making the family tense.
What did Bateson find about communication?
Poor communication leads to the child getting mixed messages and feeling confused leading to paranoia.
What are the 3 expressed emotions of SZ?
Verbal critism
Hostility
Emotional over-involvement
What is meta representation?
Reflects on thoughts and behaviours
What is central control?
Surpress automatic responses leading to clear thoughts
What does reduced processing in the ventral striatum cause?
negative symptoms
What does reduced processing in the temporal lobe cause?
Hallucinations
How does Read et al support family dysdunction as a risk factor?
Reviewed 46 studies pf child abuse and schizophrenia and found 69% of female pacients and 59% of male pacients had a history of abuse.
How does Stirling et al support dysfunctional processing?
Compared Schizophrenic pacients to non Schizophrenic controls on cognitive tasks. Found that Schizophrenic pacients took 2 times as long. Suggesting a lack of central control.
How does Tienari suggest that pacients are not reliable?
Pacients recall of childhood experiences may be distorted
Why does the cognitive explanation have cause and effect?
Unclear if the factors are a cause or as a result of neural correlates and abnormal neurotransmitter levels.
What is CBT?
Tackles dysfunctional thought processes by challenging a pacients beliefs
How does Turkington study CBT?
Discussion with a pacient showed they though the Mafia were observing them. Turkington asked if this was resonable and tried to give other explanations on why they feel this way.