Psychology

• Nerves carry messages between different parts of the body and the central nervous system (CNS).
• The spinal cord connects the brain to nerves throughout the body.
• B.F. Skinner proposed that psychological development and disorders can be best understood and treated through conditioning and learning.
• Carl Rogers proposed that people are fundamentally good and constructive, and that psychological distress arises from a discrepancy between the ideal self and the real self.
• The brain is the control centre of the nervous system, responsible for processing information from sensory receptors.
• Experimental research involves manipulating variables and measuring the effects on other variables.
• Cluster sampling is a sampling method where the population is divided into clusters or groups, and a random sample of clusters is selected for the study.
• Random Sampling: A sample where every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the study.
• Alfred Adler proposed the idea of the "will to power" (inferiority complex) as the driving force of human psychology.
• Skinner's behaviorist approach emphasizes observable behaviors rather than internal mental processes, such as thoughts or feelings.
• Albert Bandura emphasized the importance of social learning and modeling in shaping behavior.
• Sensory neurons transmit information from sensory receptors to the CNS, while motor neurons transmit signals from the CNS to muscles or glands.
• Sensory neurons transmit information from sensory receptors to the CNS, while motor neurons send signals from the CNS to muscles or glands.
• The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.
• Sigmund Freud believed that unconscious conflicts drive human behavior and developed psychoanalysis as a therapeutic approach.
• Reflexes are automatic responses that occur without conscious thought, such as pulling your hand away from a hot stove.
• The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the brain involved in higher cognitive functions such as thinking, reasoning, and decision-making.
• Reflexes are automatic responses that occur without conscious thought.
• Snowball Sampling: A type of convenience sampling where participants are asked to refer others who may fit the criteria for the study.
• Social learning theory suggests that we learn through observing others' behaviours and their consequences.
• Observations involve watching individuals' behaviour in natural settings.
• Consciousness refers to our awareness of ourselves and our environment.
• The hypothalamus regulates bodily processes such as hunger, thirst, sleep, and sex drive.
• Psychologists use experimental methods to test hypotheses about how different factors affect behaviour.
• Quota Sampling: A non-random sampling technique where participants are chosen based on predetermined quotas such as age, gender, ethnicity, etc.
• Case studies focus on one individual's experiences and behaviours over time.
• Psychologists who follow this perspective believe that people are not born with innate abilities but acquire them through their experiences.
• A confound variable is an extraneous variable that affects the dependent variable but was not controlled by the experimenter.
• Stratified Random Sampling: A sampling technique used when there are subgroups within the population with different characteristics. The population is first stratified by these characteristics, then a random sample is taken from each strata.
• The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary actions like heart rate and digestion.
• Anecdotal evidence refers to personal experiences or observations that may not be representative of larger populations.
• Cognitive dissonance theory suggests that people strive for consistency between their beliefs and actions, leading them to change one or the other when they conflict.
• The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions like heart rate, breathing, digestion, and blood pressure.
• The cognitive perspective focuses on how people process information and make decisions based on their perceptions and beliefs.
• Correlation is a statistical measure used to determine whether two variables are related.
• Cognitive psychologists use experimental methods to investigate topics like memory, attention, problem-solving, decision making, language processing, perception, and reasoning.
• The PNS is responsible for transmitting messages between the CNS and other parts of the body.
• The sympathetic division prepares the body for action by increasing heart rate, dilating pupils, and releasing adrenaline.
• Social learning theory proposes that individuals acquire new behaviors through observation and imitation of others.
• Carl Jung proposed the concept of archetypes, which are universal patterns of thought and behavior found across cultures.