AP Human Geography Unit 5

• Quota

  A limit placed on the quantities of a product that can be imported
• Tariff


  A tax on imported goods
• food desert


  An area that has a substantial amount of low-income residents and has poor access to a grocery store, defined in most cases as further than 1 mile.
• food insecurity


  a condition in which people do not have adequate access to food
• Urban farming


  The growing of fruits, herbs, and vegetables and raising animals in towns and cities, a process that is accompanied by many other activities such as processing and distributing food, collecting and reusing food waste.
• Local food movement


  Purchasing food from nearby farms because you want to minimize the pollution created from the transportation of food around the world
• Value added farming

  when farmers process their crops into high-value products, rather than simply selling it as it comes from the field
• organic foods


  a type of food that is produced without pesticides, bioengineering, or high-energy radiation
• Overgrazing


  Destruction of vegetation caused by too many grazing animals consuming the plants in a particular area so they cannot recover
• Blue Revolution


  New techniques of fish farming that may contribute as much to human nutrition as miracle cereal grains but also may create social and environmental problems.
• deforestation


  the action of clearing a wide area of trees.
• Wetlands


  a lowland area, such as a marsh or swamp, that is saturated with moisture, especially when regarded as the natural habitat of wildlife.
• center pivot irrigation


  a method of crop irrigation in which equipment rotates around a pivot and crops are watered with sprinklers
• Terrace Farming


  a farming system that is in the form of steps going up a mountain
• Salinization


  A form of soil degradation that occurs when the small amount of salts in irrigation water becomes highly concentrated on the soil surface through evaporation.
• Desertification


  Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.
• infrastructure


  the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, and power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.
• Subsidies


  a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive.
• fair trade movement


  an alternative method of international trade which promotes environmentalism, fair wages, alleviation of global poverty and a fair price for growers
• Neocolonialism


  Also called economic imperialism, this is the domination of newly independent countries by foreign business interests that causes colonial-style economies to continue, which often caused monoculture (a country only producing one main export like sugar, oil, etc).
• luxury crops


  Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco
• comparative advantage


  the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer
• Horticulture


  The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.
• isotropic plain


  A hypothetical portion of the earth's surface assumed to be an unbounded, uniformly flat plain with uniform and unvarying distribution of population, purchasing power, transport costs, accessibility, and the like.
• Von Thunen Model


  An agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activity in terms of rent. Activities that require intensive cultivation and cannot be transported over great distances pay higher rent to be close to the market. Conversely, activities that are more extensive , with goods that are easy to transport, are located farther from the market where rent is less.
• location theory

  A logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of an economic activity and the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated.
• cool chains


  transportation networks that keep food cool throughout a trip
• carrying capacity


  Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support
• commodity chain (supply chain)


  series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market
• Vertical Integration


  Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution
• Transnational Corporation


  A firm that conducts business in at least two separate countries; also known as multinational corporations.
• Agribusiness


  Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.
• Feedlot


  an area or building where livestock are fed and fattened up.
• Monoculture


  farming strategy in which large fields are planted with a single crop, year after year
• Intercropping


  An agricultural method in which two or more crop species are planted in the same field at the same time to promote a synergistic interaction.
• double cropping


  to grow two or more crops on the same land
• aquaculture (aquafarming)


  The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions
• factory farming


  a system of rearing livestock using intensive methods, by which poultry, pigs, or cattle are confined indoors under strictly controlled conditions.
• Bid rent theory


  geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.
• genetically modified organisms (GMO)


  crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods