Nervous

• Somatic sensory input is perceived consciously aka we are aware of it, such as eyes, ears, skins or musculoskeletal structures
• Visceral sensory input are not perceived consciously aka we are no aware of it, such as internal organs and cardiovascular structure
• Motor somatic are controlled consciously or voluntary
• Motor autonomic output are not controlled consciously aka we don't do it such as the heart and glands
• Neurons process information and generate responses to stimuli
• Glia cells support and protect neurons, participate in many neural activities, neural nutrition and defense in the CNS
• Dendrites receive input from other neuron
• Axons carries impulses from the cell body and is covered in a myelin sheath composed of other cells, which acts as insulation
• Synaptic cleft is the space between the end of a presynaptic axon and the postsynaptic cell membrane
• Neurons maintain an ionic gradient (electrical potential) across the cell membrane and it can rapidly change in response to stimuli
• Neurons conduct an action potential and reverse the ionic gradient, which causes the cell to depolarize
• Action potentials in neurons then travel along the axon, produced by voltage gated sodium and potassium
• In the synapse, a neurotransmitter is released at the presynaptic membrane and bind to receptors at the postsynaptic cell, which initiates a new action potential
• Neuroplasticity is the ability of neural networks in the brain to change through growth and reorganization.
• Neuroplasticity change ranges from individual neuron pathways making new connections, to systematic adjustments like cortical remapping
• Dendrites are the principal signal reception and processing sites on neurons
• In the CNS most synapses on dendrites occur on dendritic spines, which are membrane protrusions along the small dendritic branches
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were designed to augment levels of this neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic membrane of synapses by specifically inhibiting its reuptake at the presynaptic membrane
• Parkinson's disease is caused by gradual loss of dopamine-producing neurons whose cell bodies lie within a particular region of the brain.
• Local anesthetics are low-molecular-weight molecules that bind to the voltage-gated sodium channels of the nerve cell membrane and inhibit the action potential that produces the nerve impulse.
• The voltage difference between the exterior and interior of the cell, across the cell membrane is called the membrane potential
• The Central Nervous System (CNS) has both sensory and motor nerve fibers
• The possible effect(s) of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic membrane is to either depolarize or hyperpolarize, depending on the type of synapse.
• Neural plasticity, which occurs during embryonic brain development and underlies adaptation, learning, and memory postnatally, depends critically on changes in dendritic spines
• The visceral sensory fibers of the nervous system receive information from the Esophagus, stomach, intestines
• Synapses are sites where action potentials are transmitted from one neuron to another.