Genes, DNA, Cancer

• Chromosomes are made up of DNA molecules that contain genetic information.
• DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid and is the genetic material of all living things
• DNA is the coded intstructions for protiens and is found in the nucleus of a cell
• protiens build up cells and allow them to do things (like make energy)
• DNA acts like a blueprint for building cells
• amino acids are refered to as the building blocks of life
• there is a complementary base pairing rule - Adenine pairs with Thymine (A-T) and Guanine pairs with Cytosine (G-C)
• Mitosis is a form of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells
• an adult has about 37 trillion cells and lose around 60 billion per day
• cell division by mitosis is used for growth, repair, and some organisms use it for reproduction
• in mitosis, the parent cell splits in half to create two new cells called daughter cells
• in mitosis, each daughter cell has its own nucleus which contains the DNA it needs to grow and function
• daughter cells are gentically identical to each other and the parent cell that made them
• stages of mitosis- prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
• prophase = the cell prepares for division: the chromosomes condense and the nucleus starts to break down
• metaphase = the chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell
• anaphase = the chromosomes seperate and are dragged away from each other
• telophase = two nuclei form, each with its own set of identical DNA
• mitosis makes up 10% of the cell cycle and is the process of cell division
• people do sexual reproduction for a mix of genes, more adaptions, adaptions to new environments, can drive evolution, and endorphins
• mammals, flowering plants, fish, snakes and reptiles, and birds all use sexual reproduction
• sperm is the male gamete and egg is the female gamete
• gametes have 1/2 DNA chromosomes comapred to a normal cell
• a fertilised egg is a zygote
• humans have 32 homologous pairs of chromosomes and 22 normal pairs (46 total)
• it is only the last pair xx or xy that has to do with sex
• 46 chromosomes contain about 20,000 genes (height, eye colour, hair colour, skin colour, etc.)
• interphase = DNA is replicated/copied
• mitosis - 1 set of PMAT
• meiosis = 2 sets of PMAT