reporting quiz

• Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness, is a vision condition where distant objects are seen more clearly than close ones
• It occurs when the eyeball is too short or the cornea has too little curvature, causing light to focus behind the retina
• Hypermetropia is a refractive error that leads to blurred vision for nearby objects
• Types of Hypermetropia:

  • Simple hyperopia: caused by biological diversity
  • Pathological hyperopia: caused by abnormal eye development, disease, or trauma
  • Functional hyperopia: caused by paralysis interfering with the eye's ability to accommodate
• Based on severity, hypermetropia is classified into:

  • Low Hypermetropia: refractive error less than or equal to +2.00 diopters (D)
  • Moderate Hypermetropia: refractive error more than +2.00 D up to +5.00 D
  • High Hypermetropia: refractive error beyond +5.00 D
• Causes of Hypermetropia include genetics, environmental factors, and age-related changes in the eye
• Signs and Symptoms of Hypermetropia:

  • Blurred vision for close objects
  • Eyestrain
  • Headaches
• Diagnosis involves a comprehensive eye examination including refraction test, visual acuity test, and retinal examination
• Treatments for Hypermetropia:

  • Eyeglasses or Contact Lenses
  • Refractive Surgery (LASIK, PRK, CK)
• Myopia, also known as short-sightedness, is a vision condition where distant objects appear blurry
• Types of Myopia:

  • Axial myopia: due to long axial length
  • Curvature myopia: due to decreased radius of curvature of refractive surfaces
  • Index myopia: due to an increase in refractive index of the lens nucleus
  • Displacement of refractive element: due to forward displacement of the lens
• Clinical Types of Myopia:

  • Congenital myopia
  • Simple myopia
  • Pathological myopia
• Symptoms of Myopia include blurred vision for distant objects, squinting, eyestrain, headaches, and difficulty seeing at night
• Treatments for Myopia:

  • Glasses
  • Contact Lenses
  • Refractive Surgery
  • General Instructions for eye care
• Astigmatism is a common eye problem where the cornea or lens has an irregular shape, causing blurry or distorted vision
• Astigmatism occurs when the cornea or lens is curved more steeply in one direction than in another
• Types of Astigmatism:

  • Myopic Astigmatism
  • Hyperopic Astigmatism
  • Mixed Astigmatism
• Symptoms of Astigmatism include blurry vision and difficulty seeing clearly at various distances
• Different forms of astigmatism affect vision by causing light rays to not refract properly, leading to blurred vision
• Diagnosis and treatment of astigmatism involve correcting the irregular shape of the cornea or lens through glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery
• Astigmatism symptoms may include:

  • Blurry vision or areas of distorted vision
  • Eyestrain
  • Headaches
  • Squinting to try to see clearly
  • Eye discomfort
  • Difficulty with night vision
• Without treatment, astigmatism can:

  • Impact a child's performance in school and sports
  • Lead to amblyopia (lazy eye) and vision loss
• Astigmatism can be corrected with:

  • Eyeglasses
  • Contact lenses (toric soft lenses or RGP for more severe cases)
  • Refractive surgery like LASIK
• Anisometropia is a visual condition where two eyes have significantly different refractive power, leading to blurred vision in one or both eyes
• Causes of anisometropia can be genetic (family history, specific genes) or environmental (premature birth, certain medical conditions, trauma, eyelid problems)
• Symptoms of anisometropia can include:

  • Blurred vision in one or both eyes
  • Double vision
  • Difficulty focusing between near and far objects
  • Poor depth perception
  • Eyestrain
  • Headaches
  • Dizziness
  • Light sensitivity
  • Fatigue
• Treatment for anisometropia includes:

  • Eyeglasses or contact lenses
  • Surgery in some cases
  • Treatment for amblyopia if present (vision therapy, eye patching, atropine drops)
• Presbyopia is the eye losing the ability to change focus, affecting close-up vision due to the natural aging process
• Symptoms of presbyopia include:

  • Blurring of vision, especially with small prints
  • Eyestrain and headache after close work
  • Reading materials held further away
  • Need for more light when reading
• Treatment for presbyopia can involve:

  • Spectacles / Eyeglasses with corrective convex spherical lens
  • Contact lenses, including bifocal lenses
  • Surgical options like Conductive Keratoplasty
  • Eye drops like Pilocarpine for improved depth of focus
• Presbyopia generally starts developing around ages 38-42 and worsens until the mid-60s

  • It can be corrected with glasses, contacts, or surgery