first quiz

• Immunology is the study of the immune system, it also includes the body’s response to pathogens, damaged tissues, and diseases
• China and India once practiced Variolation
• Variolation is a method of inoculating individuals with smallpox scabs to induce immunity
• Thucydides is an ancient Greek Historian, also known as the father of scientific history and political realism
• Thucydides detailed illnesses and its impact on humanity on his work “History of the Peloponnesian War”, which is the war between Sparta and Athens
• The Plague of Athens is a plague that struck the Athens while it was under the siege of the Sparta during the Peloponnesian War
• Edward Jenner is known to be the father of vaccination. He vaccinated a young boy with cowpox to induce immunity against smallpox
• Louis Pasteur proposed the germ theory of disease and even made vaccines against anthrax and rabies, also the founder of medical microbiology
• Germ theory states that diseases are caused by microorganisms invading the body, or specific pathogens create specific diseases
• Elie Metchinikoff is a German medical scientist who proposed phagocytosis
• Paul Ehrlich is a German Biochemist that introduced the concept of antibodies and the existence of specific immune response
• Karl Landsteiner is an Austrian American immunologist and pathologist who discovered major blood groups and the ABO blood typing system
• Peter Medawar is a Brazilian-born British Zoologist who worked on graft rejection and understanding histocompatibility
• Graft Rejection happens when a recipient’s immune system attacks the donor’s donated organ/blood/etc. due to low compatibility
• Acquired Immunological Tolerance is an induced state in which antigens are regarded as self by the immune system
• Rodney Porter and Gerald Edelman discovered the structure of antibodies, as well as immunoglobulins and the elucidation of antigen-antibody interactions
• Around the Mid-20th century, radioimmunoassays and ELISA was made
• ELISA is an immunological assay that helps determine/measure the amount of antibodies present in a body, as well as its interactions with certain antigens
• T cells and B cells are key players of the immune system
• Major Histocompatibility Complex molecules are a group of genes that encode proteins on the cell surface and makes up a huge role in immune response
• Cytokines are biological substances that activate parts of the immune system
• T cells are the direct fighters of the immune system, it produces cytokines, wipes out infected/cancerous cells and even helps other lymphocytes to fight off pathogens
• B cells are known for making antibodies, the key component of the body’s defense against bacteria, virus, etc.
• Antibodies attach themselves to the surface of virus or bacteria, causing it to destroy
• Hybridoma technology is responsible for introducing monoclonal antibodies
• Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory produced molecules that will help substitute antibodies to fight off cancer, pathogens, and treating autoimmune diseases.
• Immunotherapy is the use if one’s immune system to fight of cancer
• CAR-T cell therapy is a type of treatment where a patient’s T-cells are changed in the laboratory to be able to attack cancer cells/pathogens
• Clinical immunology is the study of immune system disorders and their clinical manifestations, also diagnosis of immunological diseases, disorders, etc.
• Molecular immunology delves into the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune responses. It focuses on the interactions between immune cells, signaling pathways, and expressing said molecules.
• Cellular immunology explores the functions of immune cells, mainly B cells and T cells, and even WBCs. It aims to understand cellular responses to pathogens, antigens, and even in immune cell communication.
• Immunogenetics examines the genetic basis of immune system function and its impact on disease susceptibility. Investigates how genetic variations influence immune responses and how it develops into autoimmune diseases
• Vaccine Immunology investigates in developing vaccines against infectious diseases
• Innate immunology focuses on immediate, non-specific responses of the immune system to pathogens, and also studies on physical barriers, skin, mucous membranes, etc.
• Neuroimmunology investigates the interaction between the nervous system and the immune system, as well as the immune system’s responses to neurological illnesses/disorders
• Tumor immunology refers to studying how the immune system responds to cancer cells
• Allergology is the study of allergic reaction and hypersensitivities
• Reproductive immunology focuses on the immune system’s response to pregnancy and anything in the reproductive system, as well as understanding the successes and the failures of pregnancy
• Immunohematology, also known as blood immunology, is concerned with the studies of blood-related immune responses, blood groups, compatible blood transfusions, etc.
• Immunopharmacology refers to the study of the effects of drugs to the immune system