MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

• Manufacturing is the production of goods in large quantities after processing raw materials into more valuable products
• Paper is manufactured from wood, sugar from sugarcane, iron and steel from iron ore, and aluminium from bauxite
• Some types of clothes are manufactured from yarn, which is an industrial product
• People employed in secondary activities manufacture primary materials into finished goods
• The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries
• Importance of Manufacturing:

  • Manufacturing industries help modernize agriculture and reduce dependence on agricultural income by providing jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors
  • Industrial development is crucial for eradicating unemployment and poverty
  • Export of manufactured goods expands trade, commerce, and brings in foreign exchange
  • Countries that transform raw materials into a variety of finished goods of higher value are prosperous, hence manufacturing industries make the country prosperous.
• CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES:

  • Industries can be categorized based on ownership as public sector, private sector, joint sector, or cooperative sector
  • Industries can be classified based on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods as heavy or light industries
• Classification of Industries:

  • Agro-based industries use agricultural raw materials like cotton, woollen, jute, silk textiles, rubber, sugar, tea, coffee, and edible oil
  • Mineral-based industries use minerals and metals as raw materials like iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, and petrochemicals
  • Industries can be classified based on their main role as basic/key industries or consumer industries
  • Based on capital investment, industries can be small scale or large scale
• Textile Industry:

  • Only industry in the country which is self reliant and complete in value chain.
  • The textile industry contributes significantly to industrial production, employment generation, and foreign exchange earnings in India
  • Cotton textiles were traditionally produced with hand spinning and handloom weaving techniques
  • The industry has close links with agriculture and provides livelihoods to many individuals
  • India has world-class production in spinning but weaving supplies low-quality fabric
  • Jute textiles are also significant in India, with most mills located in West Bengal
• Iron and Steel Industry:

  • Iron and steel industry is the basic industry on which other industries depend
  • Factors responsible for the location of iron and steel industries include proximity to raw materials, inexpensive transport, and abundant water
  • Steel is essential for manufacturing various goods and consumer products
  • For the production of steel; iron ore, coking coal and lime stone are required in the ratio 4:2:1
• Sugar Industry:

  • India is the second-largest producer of sugar and first in gur and khandsari
  • Sugar mills are located in various states, with a shift towards southern and western states for higher sucrose content
  • The industry is seasonal and suited for the cooperative sector
• Aluminium Smelting:

  • Aluminium smelting is the second most important metallurgical industry in India
  • Aluminium is used in aircraft, utensils, and wires, and is a substitute for other metals
  • Plants are located in various states with bauxite as the raw material
• Chemical Industries:

  • Regular supply of electricity and raw materials at minimum cost are crucial for the location of chemical industries
• Prime factors for the location of aluminium manufacturing industry:

  • Regular supply of electricity
  • Assured source of raw material at minimum cost
• Chemical industry in India:

  • Fast growing and diversifying
  • Comprises large and small scale manufacturing units
  • Rapid growth in both inorganic and organic sectors
• Inorganic chemicals in India:

  • Include sulphuric acid, nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash, and caustic soda
  • Widely spread over the country
• Organic chemicals in India:

  • Include petrochemicals used for manufacturing synthetic fibers, rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs, and pharmaceuticals
  • Plants located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants
• Fertilizer industry in India:

  • Centred around production of nitrogenous fertilizers, phosphatic fertilizers, and complex fertilizers
  • Potash entirely imported as the country lacks reserves
  • Expanded to various parts of the country after the Green Revolution
• Cement industry in India:

  • Essential for construction activities
  • Requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica, and gypsum
  • Needs coal, electric power, and rail transportation
• Automobile industry in India:

  • Manufactures trucks, buses, cars, motorcycles, scooters, and multi-utility vehicles
  • Located around various cities including Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Bengaluru
• Information Technology and Electronics Industry in India:

  • Covers a wide range of products from transistor sets to telecommunication equipment
  • Bengaluru emerged as the electronic capital of India
  • Other important centres include Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, and Lucknow
• Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation in India:

  • Industries responsible for air, water, land, and noise pollution
  • Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds
  • Noise pollution caused by industrial and construction activities
• Control of Environmental Degradation:

  • Suggestions to reduce industrial pollution of fresh water include minimising water use, rainwater harvesting, and treating hot water and effluents before release
  • Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases: primary, secondary, and tertiary
  • Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks with various filters and using oil or gas instead of coal