STS 1A

• • Science and Technology - evolved from ancient times to the present.
• What is Science, Technology and Society?

  Is an interdisciplinary course designed to examine the ways that science and technology shape, and are shaped by, our society, politics, and culture
• Science - Is an evolving body of knowledge that is based on theoretical expositions and experimental and empirical activities that generates universal truths.
• Technology - On the other hand is the application of science and creation of systems, processes and objects designed to help humans in their daily activities.
• Society - Is the sum total of our interactions as humans, including the interactions that we engage in to understand the nature of things and to create things.
• Historical Antecedents in the World

  The history of science can teach us many lessons about the way scientists think and understand the world around us. A historical perspective will make us appreciate more what science really is.
• From Ancient Times to 600 BC- Some of the earliest records from history indicate that 3,000 years before Christ, the ancient Egyptians already had reasonably sophisticated medical practices.
• Papyrus - One of the early inventions of Egyptian civilization.

  Is an ancient form of paper, made from the papyrus plant, a reed which grows in the marshy areas around the Nile river.
• The Advent of Science (600 BC to 500 AD)

  • With Plato's student Aristotle begins the "scientific revolution".
  • This period produced substantial advances in scientific knowledge, especially in -- anatomy, zoology, botany, mineralogy, geography, mathematics and astronomy
• Islamic Golden Age - This period is traditionally understood to have begun during the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid (786 to 809)
• Islamic Golden Age

  • Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid (786 to 809)
  • with the inauguration of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad,
  • where scholars from various parts of the world with different cultural backgrounds were mandated to gather and translate all of the world's classical knowledge into the Arabic language and subsequently development in various fields of sciences began
• Mathematics also flourished during the Islamic Golden Age
• Mathematics in the Islamic Golden Age

  • with the works of Al-Khwarizmi, Avicenna and Jamshid al Kashi that led to advanced in algebra, trigonometry, geometry and Arabic numerals
• Science and Technology in Ancient China

  • Ancient China gave the world the Four Great Inventions
• Four Great Inventions that include the

  1. compass
  2. gunpowder
  3. papermaking
  4. printing
• The Renaissance (1300 AD – 1600AD)

  • great advances occurred in geography, astronomy, chemistry, physics, mathematics, anatomy, manufacturing, and engineering
• Marie Boas Hall

  coined the term Scientific Renaissance to designate the early phase of the Scientific Revolution, 1450–1630.
• The Renaissance (1300 AD - 1600 AD)

  • Peter Dear has argued for a two- phase model of early modern science: a Scientific Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries
  • focused on natural restoration of knowledge
  • scientific revolution of 17th century -- RECOVERY TO INNOVATION
• The Renaissance

  • Development of printing = movable metal type (mid 15th century in germany)
  • Johannes Gutenberg is usually called its inventor, but in fact many people and many steps were involved.
  • Block printing on wood came to the West from China between 1250 and 1350.
• TR

  • Three men of Mainz—Gutenberg and his contemporaries: Johann Fust and Peter Schöffer = taken the final steps, casting metal type and locking it into a wooden press.
• The Renaissance

  Johann Fust and Peter Schöffer

  • taken the final steps, casting metal type and locking it into a wooden press.
• The Enlightenment Period (1715 A.D. to 1789 A.D.)

  • or the Age of Reason was characterized by radical reorientation in science.
• The Enlightenment Period

  • This period produced numerous books, essays, inventions, scientific discoveries, laws, wars and revolutions
• The Enlightenment Period

  The Enlightenment’s important 17th-century precursors included the key natural philosophers of the Scientific Revolution:

  • Galileo Galilei
  • Johannes Kepler
  • Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
• The Enlightenment Period

  John Locke his “Essay Concerning Human Understanding” (1689)
• The Enlightenment Period

  Isaac Newton published his “Principia Mathematica” (1686)
• The Enlightenment Period

  John Locke concerning the foundation of human knowledge and understanding
• The Enlightenment Period

  Newton published his great work Principia:

  in which he described the universe as fixed, with Earth and other heavenly bodies moving harmoniously in accordance with mathematical laws.
• Industrial Revolution

  • The main features involved in the Industrial Revolution were technological, socioeconomic, and cultural.
• Industrial Revolution (1760 - 1840) - The rise of modern science and the Industrial Revolution were closely connected
• INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

  1. The use of new basic materials, chiefly iron and steel
  2. The use of new energy sources, including both fuels and motive power
  3. Important developments in transportation and communication
• 20th Century Science: Physics and Information Age

  • Revolutionary changes in many areas of the sciences – in particular, physics, biology, astronomy, chemistry, neurosciences and earth and environmental sciences – and how they contributed to these changes.
• 20th Century Science: Physics and Information Age

  • Was strongly marked by Einstein’s formulation of the theory of relativity (1905)
  • including the unifying concept of energy related to mass and the speed of light: E = mc2
• 20th Century Science: Physics and Information Age

  • 1953 was an important landmark for biology with the description by Crick and Watson of the structure of DNA, the carrier of genetic information (Rosch, 2014).
• 20th Century Science: Physics and Information Age

  • general relativity = theory of gravity
  • gravity is a curving or warping of space
  • the more massive, the more it warps the space
• Science and Technology in the Fourth Industrial Revolution

  • Describing the blurring of boundaries between the physical, digital, and biological worlds
• Science and Technology in the Fourth Industrial Revolution

  • It’s a fusion of advances in artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, the Internet of Things (IoT), 3D printing, genetic engineering, quantum computing, and other technologies.
• Science and Technology in the Fourth Industrial Revolution

  • Artificial intelligence (AI) describes computers that can “think” like humans — recognizing complex patterns, processing information, drawing conclusions, and making recommendations
• RECAP!

  • Ancient Times to 600 BC
  • Advent of Science (600 BC to 500 AD)
  • Islamic Golden Age
  • S&T in Ancient China and the Far East
  • The Renaissance
  • The Enlightenment Period
  • Industrial Revolution
  • 20th Century Science: Physics and Information Age
  • Fourth Industrial Revolution
• S&T in Ancient China

  • Karl Marx : three great inventions - gunpowder, compass and the printing press
  • gunpowder: blew the knightly class
  • compass: discovered the world market and found the colonies
  • printing press: Protestantenism -- most powerful lever for creating intellectual pre-requisites