History Unit 2

• The Long Parliament was an English parliament that sat from 1640 to 1660, with a break from 1649 to 1653, and was the longest-running English parliament in history

  
• Called by King Charles I to raise taxes for his wars with Scotland, the Long Parliament turned against the king, leading to the English Civil War in 1642
• The parliamentarians, led by Oliver Cromwell, defeated the royalists in 1645, resulting in the execution of Charles I in 1649
• After Charles I's execution, the Long Parliament ruled England as a republic but was soon divided by factionalism, leading to Cromwell dissolving the parliament and ruling as a military dictator in 1653
• The Long Parliament marked the end of the absolute monarchy and the beginning of parliamentary democracy in England
• James VI of Scotland became James I of England in 1603, uniting the two kingdoms for the first time, which was met with some resistance due to the history of conflict between England and Scotland
• James I was described as having remarkable political ability, being successful in governing Scotland, but his manners were criticized for being aggressive and uncivil
• Historical sources present conflicting views on James I's suitability as king, with some praising his abilities and others criticizing his behavior and leadership style
• King Charles I faced conflicts with Parliament due to his belief in royal absolutism and divine right, leading to tensions over issues like taxation, control of finances, and foreign policy
• Parliament's grievances against Charles I included his failure to understand and manage Parliament, imposition of extra taxes, and dissolution of Parliament without compromise
• King Charles I believed he was answerable only to God and not subject to man-made rules, while Parliament demanded that the king act within established rules and explain the need for more money
• The Crown quarreled with Parliament over issues like the king's power to raise money without Parliament's consent, bypassing established privileges to make new laws, and choice of ministers
• King Charles I was described as an enigmatic monarch, shy, introverted, and lacking self-confidence, with conflicts arising from his close relationship with his father's favorite, the Duke of Buckingham, and his marriage to Henrietta Maria
• The Long Parliament was an English parliament that sat from 1640 to 1660, with a break from 1649 to 1653, called by King Charles I to raise taxes for his wars with Scotland

  
• The Long Parliament turned against the king in 1642, leading to the start of the English Civil War, where parliamentarians, led by Oliver Cromwell, defeated the royalists in 1645, resulting in Charles I's execution in 1649
• After Charles I's execution, the Long Parliament ruled England as a republic, but was soon divided by factionalism, leading to Cromwell dissolving the parliament in 1653 and ruling England as a military dictator
• The Long Parliament marked the end of the absolute monarchy and the beginning of parliamentary democracy in English history