childhood

• rites of passage


  -experiences from childhood to adulthood- driving,virginity,job
• marxist

  capitalism has shaped childhood

  -primary education made compulsory in 1870
• aries

  -middle ages childhood did not exist

  -seen as mini adults

  -shown in paintings, diaries and letters from era
• amos

  -1600s- single parent very common due to death

  -1 in 5 children lost father by 10

  -means child labour was widely accepted and normal
• Musgrove 


  role of child changes with the economy
• peasant economy (1200s)- Musgrove

  -childhood didnt exist

  -in work by 3/4

  -married at 12 kids at 14

  -law saw children as adults
• 19th century economy- musgrove

  -average age of london prostitute was 12

  -law slowly changed

  -education+certain work

  -child charities- Dr Banardo
• 21st century economy- Musgrove

  -children spend more time in education

  -losing innocence due to exposure of adult world

  -length of childhood being stretched
• James&james

  -no such thing as childhood...only childhoods

  -1/3 of children in absolute poverty

  -134 million childrenn have never been to school
• rogers

  -2 types of children: sinful/wicked and innocent/wholesome

  -wholesome children need to be protected with policy-welfare

  -wicked children need discipline and punishment-control view
• improved childhood status?

  -increased infant mortality rate: 154/1000 in 1900 to 5/1000 2016

  -64 billion spent on education per year

  -families have become child centred
• toxic childhood-Palmer

  -recent increase in: learning difficulties, drug abuse and self-harm in children

  -due to decline in emotional and family stability:poor diet, 24/7 electronic village, pressure in school, news, no real play

  -parents need to stop relying on electronic babysitters and give their child the attention they need

  -detox children work on worklife balance and focus on childs need for proper development
• Death of childhood-Postman

  -children are growing up too fast: underage sex, drinking, drugs, teen pregnancy, wearing adult clothes, exposure to adult tv

  -blurring distinction between childhood and adulthood

  -sexualisation of childhood
• globalisation of childhood

  -western notions of childhood spreading

  -international humanitarian agencies exporting positve western norms of childhood

  -childhood is not disappearing its just moral panic
• lee


  childhood has become more complex and ambiguous not disappeared