ETHICS EXAM

• Ethics is a branch of moral philosophy that deals with moral standards or norms of morality
• Ethics is a study of the morality of human acts and what makes a person accountable
• Ethics is a philosophical science dealing with the morality of human acts
• Ethics is a philosophical inquiry into the principles of morality
• Ethics concerns questions of moral right and wrong, duty and obligation, and moral responsibility
• Ethics is the study of morality or moral conduct, moral standards or moral principles, and what makes an action right or wrong
• Ethics is about what makes a person accountable for their actions with moral implications or consequences on other people
• Ethics is related to "pagliliming moral" or "pamimilosopiyang moral" and "pilosopiya ukol sa pagpapakatao"
• ethos comes from the Greek word which means character or custom
• Ethos in modern meaning refers to the distinguishing disposition, character, or attitude of a specific person, culture, or group
• Ethics and morality differ: Morality refers to human conduct and values, while ethics refers to the study of moral conduct or the code of conduct one follows
• Common usage: Ethical and moral people are considered good people
• Ethical or moral action is considered right, while unethical or immoral actions are not
• Amoral individuals have no moral sense or are indifferent to right and wrong
• Examples of amoral individuals include babies, those with severe mental health issues, and persons with autism
• Nonmoral standards are social rules, etiquette, or good manners set and expected by society
• Non-compliance with moral standards causes guilt, while non-compliance with nonmoral standards can cause shame or embarrassment
• Strengths of the Filipinos: 1. Pakikipagkapwa-tao 2. Family orientation 3. Joy and humour 4. Flexibility, adaptability and creativity 5. Hardwork and industry 6. Faith and religiosity 7. Ability to survive
• Human act


  An act that is deliberate and knowingly performed by one having the use of reason
• Knowing


  The moral agent is aware of what they are doing and of its consequences
• Free


  Acting freely, by their own volition and powers
• Willful


  Decides willfully to perform the act
• Act of man


  One that is not dependent upon intellect and free will; usually, biological/physical acts of humans that are involuntary in nature; does not involve the use of reason
• Act itself


  The object chosen
• Purpose the intention of your action
• Circumstances


  Includes the consequences. Circumstances can diminish/decrease the moral goodness or evil of human acts; it can also diminish or increase the agent’s responsibility
• A moral dilemma is a situation where a person has to choose between two options both based on moral standards, but cannot choose both, and choosing one means violating the other
• In a moral dilemma, one is caught between 2 options, in a deadlock, facing a damn if you do, damn if you don’t situation
• False dilemma is a choice between a right and a wrong, unlike a moral dilemma where both choices are wrong
• Levels of moral dilemmas

  • Personal dilemmas
  • Organizational dilemmas
  • Structural dilemmas
• Ways to resolve moral dilemmas

  1. Situation ethics approach

  2. The principle of the lesser evil
• Situation ethics approach


  • "You can only do what you can where you are."
  • "People are always making the best choices available to them"
• The principle of the lesser evil


  • Choose the lesser of two evils, such as counseling the use of clean needles among drug users
• The minimum requirements of morality are reason and impartiality
• Reason


  Moral judgments must be backed up by good reason
• Argumentum ad hominem is attacking the personality of the opponent instead of directing one’s argument against their idea
• Ad misericordiam is an appeal to pity; appealing miserable does not improve an argument
• Ad verecundiam is an appeal to authority; one’s power and influence cannot make a wrong right
• Impartiality


  Morality requires the impartial consideration of each individual’s interest
• Culture


  The integrated pattern of human knowledge, beliefs, behaviors, language, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by a person as a member of society. It is people’s way of life