intro to biochem 2

• Metabolism includes all reactions that use enzymes within organisms
• Anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules from simple molecules, requiring energy (condensation reaction)
• Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules, releasing energy (hydrolysis reaction)
• Macromolecules found in living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
• Organic molecules must contain both C and H, with the 3 most common elements in living things being C, H, and O
• Carbon has a binding capacity of 4 and can form covalent bonds with other non-metals like H, O, N, C
• Functional groups are groups of atoms attached to a carbon chain that give the molecule certain properties, helping to identify different types of organic molecules
• Water is a polar molecule with an asymmetrical arrangement of atoms, having a partially positive and a partially negative end (dipoles), making it soluble in water
• Intramolecular forces are forces of electrostatic attraction within a molecule, while intermolecular forces are forces of attraction between two molecules, affecting properties like melting and boiling points
• London dispersion forces are used to hold non-polar molecules together, while dipole-dipole interactions occur between polar molecules
• Hydrogen bonding is the attraction between two molecules where one is polar, allowing for various biological properties
• Water has properties like cohesion, adhesion, being the universal solvent, high heat capacity, transparency, ice floating, and being amphoteric
• Transport of biomolecules depends on their structure, with glucose being carried in blood, amino acids transported based on size and polarity, fats transported as lipoproteins, cholesterol needing lipoproteins, oxygen carried by hemoglobin, and sodium chloride being easily dissolved in water