Thermodynamics

• The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred from one form to another.
• What are Ionic bonds?

  Ionic bonds arise from electrostatic attraction between cations and anions.
• What are covalent bonds?

  Covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons.
• What are metallic bonds?

  Metallic bonds arise when atoms are able to pool one or more of their electrons into a common sea.
• What does a lewis structure do?

  Illustrates bonding in molecules and shows the connectivity of a molecule.
• What is the primary structure of a macromolecule?

  The sequence in which the units are linked in the polymer.
• What is the secondary structure of a macromolecule?

  The (often local) spatial arrangement of the chain.
• What is the tertiary structure of a macromolecule?

  The overall three-dimensional structure of a macromolecule.
• What is the quaternary structure of a macromolecule?

  The manner in which large molecules are formed by the aggregation of others.
• What is energy?

  Energy is the capacity to do work.
• What is work?

  Work is the process of moving against an opposing force.
• What are the three types of systems?

  Open, closed, isolated
• What is an open system?

  An open system can exchange both energy and matter with its surrounding.
• What is a closed system?

  A closed system is a system that can exchange energy but not matter with its surroundings.
• What is an isolated system?

  An isolated system is a system that can exchange neither matter nor energy with its surroundings.
• What are exothermic reactions?

  Reactions that release heat.
• What are endothermic reactions?

  Reactions that absorb heat.
• What are diathermic molecules?

  Molecules that allow heat to pass through them.
• What are adiabatic molecules?

  Molecules that do not exchange heat with their surroundings.
• What is the population of a state?

  The average number of molecules that occupy it.
• What is the Boltzmann distribution?

  Probability distribution describing the distribution of particles in a system at thermal equilibrium.
• What is catabolism?

  Breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, with energy liberated as work.
• What is anabolism?

  Building up of molecules or substances in the body.
• How is work reported when a system does work?

  as a negative number
• What is expansion work?

  Expansion work is the work done by a system as it expands against an external pressure.
• How is maximum work obtained?

  When the external pressure is only infinitesimally less than the pressure of the gas in the system.
• What kind of system does maximum expansion work?

  A system that remains in mechanical equilibrium with its surroundings at all stages of the expansion.
• What happens when a system is in mechanical equilibrium?

  An infinitesimal change in the pressure results in opposite directions of change.
• When is a change deemed reversible?

  A change that can be reversed by an infinitesimal change in a variable, is said to be reversible.
• How is energy written when it leaves a system?

  as a negative sign.
• When is energy written with a positive sign?

  When energy is entering a system.
• What is the specific heat capacity?

  Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree Celsius.
• What is the molar heat capacity?

  Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one mole of a substance by 1 degree Celsius.
• The stronger the bond and the lighter the atoms in a bond, the larger is the separation between vibrational energy levels.
• What is the internal energy?

  The sum of all the kinetic energy and the potential contributions to the energy of all the atoms, ions, and molecules in a system.
• What is the molar internal energy?

  The internal energy per mole of atoms or molecules, is an intensive property.
• What is important for each system?

  Temperature, pressure and internal energy.
• What is the adiabatic bomb calorimeter known for?

  Measuring heat of combustion delta U.
• What does an isobaric calorimeter do?

  Measures heat transfer at constant pressure.
• What does a adiabatic flame calorimeter do?

  Measures heat of combustion