AnProd

• Hen is the term for a female quail, while a cock refers to a male quail
• A clutch refers to a nest of eggs
• In Filipino, the term for quail is "Pugo"
• Rabbit classification:

  • Class: Mammalia
  • Order: Lagomorpha
  • Family: Leporidae
  • Scientific name: Oryctolagus cuniculus
• In rabbit terms, a doe is a mature female rabbit, a buck is a mature male rabbit, and a fryer is a young female or male rabbit raised for meat
• A kit is a young rabbit, while kits refer to a collection of bunnies
• Rabbitry is the place where rabbits are kept, and a hutch is the animal cage used for rabbit housing
• Pelt refers to the skin and fur of a rabbit that is to be tanned
• The European rabbit's scientific name is Oryctolagus cuniculus
• Domestication of the Pig

  1. Pigs were domesticated from wild Eurasian pigs (Sus scrofa)

  2. Domesticated pigs were selected for reduced size and manageability

  3. They were excellent scavengers, living on human refuse and whatever else they could find

  4. Their ability to have large numbers of offspring was another significant advantage

  5. Pigs have 38 chromosomes (18 pairs of autosomal chromosomes together with either XX or XY sex chromosomes)
• Reasons for Pig Production

  • Pork is the world's most consumed meat
  • Pork is the most preferred animal meat product in the Philippines
  • Pork is a staple dish during fiestas
• Philippine Pork Industry
• Php 191 Billion industry
• It accounts for about 55% of the total animal industry
• Provides about 60% of the total animal meat consumption of Filipinos
• 2nd largest contributor to the country's agriculture coming in second to rice
• The Philippines is a top market for U.S. pork and variety meat exports
• Central Visayas was the top producer of hog with 67.66 thousand metric tons, liveweight or 15.0 percent share to the total hog production during the period
• Completing the top five regions with the highest volume of hog production at liveweight during the quarter were CALABARZON with 59.81 thousand metric tons, Northern Mindanao with 54.50 TMT, Central Luzon with 46.16 TMT, and Davao Region with 36.16 TMT
• In 2023, the total number of hogs in farms in the Philippines amounted to approximately 9.77 million heads, reflecting an increase from the previous year's inventory
• The provinces of Central Luzon, CALABARZON, Western Visayas, and Northern Mindanao were the primary sources of the country's total hog population
• As of April 2023, China was home to the largest number of pigs of any country with over 450 million heads
• European Union and United States were second and third in the list, with over 134 and 74 million heads respectively
• Scale of Production in the Philippines

  • Backyard farms: less than 10 sows per household
  • Commercial farms: Small commercial (<100 sows), Medium-scale farms (100-300 sows), Large-scale farms (>300 sows)
• Trends in the Pork Industry
• Constraints in the Pork Industry

  • Seasons: climate changes, typhoons, hot temperature
  • Supplies: increasing cost of inputs (corn as feeds, drugs)
  • Intensification of production: areas for swine production getting smaller due to housing land development (causes disease, other industry related problems like waste management, pollution, disease, etc)
  • Poor access to veterinary services
  • Poor market linkage
  • Disease challenge: PED, PRRS
• Inputs for swine production

  • Corn as feeds
  • Drugs
• Intensification of production

  Areas for swine production getting smaller due to housing land development (causes disease, other industry-related problems like waste management, pollution, disease, etc)
• Challenges in swine production

  • PED
  • PRRS
  • CSF (Hog cholera)
  • African Swine Fever (ASF)
• Selection and Breeding in Pork Production

  1. Select boars, gilts based on reliable production records

  2. Boars: ADS should not be less than 800g (28-90 kg LW); Feed Conversion Efficiency (not more than 2.5); at least 90 kg and not more than 160 days old during selection

  3. Gilts: backfat of about 2 cm at 90kg
• Culling in Pork Production

  Removal of undesirable individuals in terms of economically important traits and overall performance
• Breeding Systems in Pork Production

  1. Pure Breeding

  2. Crossbreeding

  3. Inbreeding
• Goal of Crossbreeding
• Breeding Age in Pork Production

  1. Puberty in gilts: 5 months of age

  2. Gilts should be bred at not less than 225 days old (7 1/2 months) weighing 120-130 kg; cycled at least twice

  3. Boars: puberty is around 4-6 months; ready for breeding at 8 months old; 120-130 kg or more; producing quality semen

  4. Mating Systems: Natural, Artificial Insemination
• Nutrition and Feeding in Pork Production

  1. Pigs are monogastric

  2. Basal feed: <18 Crude Fiber (CF) and 20% or more Crude Protein (CP)
• Facilities for Production

  • Total-confinement or intensive production systems
  • Low-investment or outdoor production, and other alternative systems
• Another term for a pigpen is 'Sty'
• Types of Swine

  • Meat type hogs
  • Ham type hogs
  • Lard type hogs
  • Wild boar (Sus scrofa)
• The wild boar is the ancestor of most pig breeds
• Lard breeds were used to produce lard, a cooking fat and mechanical lubricant. These pigs were compact and thick, with short legs and deep bodies. They fattened quickly on corn, and their meat had large amounts of fat in it. This was considered desirable for improved taste and keeping qualities of the pork.