21st

• Proverbs (Mga Salawikain) These are statements that are considered as wise. These are usually given by parents or elders of the community. There is belief that experience is the best teacher.
• Riddles (Mga Bugtong) These are statements that contain superficial words, but they function figuratively and as metaphors, and are in the form of questions. These are questions that demand deeper answers. Deals with everyday life. It usually has mundane things as answers. This is used in the past as a form of game in small or large gatherings.
• Lullabies – these is locally known as the Hele. These are sung to put to sleep babies. The content varies, but usually, parents sing these with ideas on how hard life is and how they hope that their child will not experience the hardships of life.
• Drinking Songs – these are locally known as Tagay and are sung during drinking sessions.
• Love Songs - to many Filipinos, these are known as the Harana. It can also be called Courtship Songs and are used by young men to capture the heart of the girl that they love
• Religious Songs - are songs or chants that are usually given during exorcisms and thanksgiving during good harvest.
• Folk Songs These are folk lyrics that are usually chanted. These usually contain ideas on aspirations, hopes, everyday life and expressions of love for loved ones. It is bounded by the learning of good morals. It is easy to understand because it is straightforward and not figurative in nature
• Folk Tales (Mga Kwentong Bayan) These are stories of native Filipinos. These deal with the power of nature- personified, their submission to a deity- usually Bathala- and how this deity is responsible for the blessings and calamities. These also tackle about irresponsibility, lust, stupidity, deception, and fallibility that eventually leads to the instilling of good morals
• Myths - these tackle the natural to strange occurrences of the earth and how things were created with an aim to give an explanation to things. There is Bathala for the Tagalogs and the Gueurang for the Bikolanos. - Paradise is known as Maca, while Hell is Kasanaaan
• Legends - through legends, the natives understood mysteries around them. These stories usually come with a moral lesson that give credit to supernatural powers, supernatural occurrences, and other out-of- this-world native imagination.
• Fables – are short or brief stories that cater the children of the native Filipinos and are usually bounded by good manners and right conduct. These stories use animals as characters that represent a particular value or characteristic.
• Epics - are very lengthy narratives that are based on oral traditions. These contain encounters of fighters, stereotypical princes or heroes that save a damsel in distress.
• Religious Literature - revolves around the life and the death of Jesus Christ
• Pasyon - it is about the passion (journey and suffering) and the death of Jesus Christ.
• Senakulo - it is the re-enactment of the Pasyon.
• Komedya - it depicts the European society through love and fame, but can also be a narrative about a journey, just like Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy. It is also considered religious, because it usually depicts the battle between the Christians and the Saracens or the Moros.
• Secular or Non-Religious Literature – revolve around tales of valiance and adventure
• Awit – these are tales of chivalry where a knight saves a princess. Florante at Laura is a good example.
• Korido - is a metrical tale or a tale that follows the structure of a poem
• Prose Narratives - are easy to understand instructional materials that in a literary light that teaches Filipinos on proper decorum. Pagsusulatan ng Dalawang Binibini na si Urbana at Feliza (1864) is a good example.
• Propaganda Literature - these were in the forms of satires, editorials, and news articles that aimed to attack the Spanish Rule. The propaganda trinity is composed of Dr. Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez Jaena.
• Graciano Lopez Jaena

  Ang Fray Botod- One of his works written in Jaro, Iloilo in 1876, six years after the Cavite Revolt attacking the friars in the Philippines. He exposed how some of the friars were greedy, ambitious and immoral. LA HIJA DEL FRAILE (The Child of the Friar) and EVERYTING IS HAMBUG (Everything is mere show)- Here Jaena explains the tragedy of marrying a Spaniard.
• Marcelo H. Del Pilar KAIINGAT KAYO (Be Careful)- a humorous and sarcastic dig in answer to Fr. Jose Rodriquez in the novel NOLI of Rizal, published in Barcelona in 1888. He used Dolores Manapat as pen-name here. DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN (Prayers and Jokes)- similar to a catechism but sarcastically done against the parish priests, published in Barcelona in 1888. Because of this, del Pilar was called “filibuster.” Done in admirable tone of supplication and excellent use of Tagalog. ANG CADAQUILAAN NG DIOS (God’s Goodness)- published in Barcelona, it was also like a catechism
• Dr. Jose Rizal NOLI ME TANGERE- his was the novel that gave spirit to the propaganda movement and paved the way to the revolution against Spain. In this book, he courageously exposed the evils in the Spanish-run government in the Philippines.
• Revolutionary Literature - are exposes that sparked revolution and resistance in the hearts of Filipinos
• Andres Bonifacio Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Obligations of our Countrymen) – an outline of obligations just like the Ten Commandments, hence, it is likewise called Ang Dekalogo. Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog (What the Tagalogs should Know) – an essay outlining the basic tenets of Bonifacio’s ideas on nationalism.
• Emilio Jacinto Liwanag at Dilim (Light and Darkness) – a collection of essays on different subjects like freedom, work, faith, government and love of country.
• Apolinario Mabini El Desarollo y Caida de la Republica Filipina (The Rise and Fall of the Philippine Republic) – this essay highlights the establishment of the Philippine republic and its subsequent doom due to disunity among the Filipinos.
• Dr. Jose Rizal

  El Filibusterismo– This is a sequel to the NOLI. While the NOLI exposed the evils in society, the FILI exposed those in the government and in the church. However, the NOLI has been dubbed the novel of society while that of FILI is that of politics.
• Publications El Heraldo de la Revolucion (Herald of the Revolution) – printed the decrees of the Revolutionary Government, news and works in Tagalog that aroused nationalism. This is the Official Newspaper of the Revolutionary Government of Aguinaldo. La Independencia (Independence) – an independent newspaper founded and edited by General Antonio Luna. La Republica Filipina (The Philippine Republic) – a private newspaper edited by Pedro Paterno. La Libertad (Liberty) – another private newspaper edited by Clemente Zulueta.
• Jose Corazon de Jesus (1832-1896) popularly known as “Batute,” created his own generation with his first book of poems. Mga Gintong Dahon (1920)- were poems pre-occupied with such non- traditional themes as passion-slaying, grief-induced, insanity, and lover’s suicide. Sa Dakong Silangan (1928)- returned to the awit form, retelling the history of Philippines under Spain, the coming of the U.S under the guise of friendship to take over from Spain
• Poetry- under the American rule still followed the style of the old, but had

  contents that ranged from free writing to societal concerns under the Americans.
• Drama- was usually used in the American period to degrade the Spanish rule and to immortalize the heroism of the men who fought under the Katipunan. Severino Reyes (1861-1942) – spearheaded a movement to supplant the komedya with a new type of drama, the sarsuwela, a Filipino adaptation of the Spanish zarzuela.
• Walang Sugat (1902)- is a sarsuwela (drama in the form singing) drawn from the period of Revolution, depicting the cruelty and corruption of friars and the heroism of the soldiers of the Katipunan. Other successful sarsuwelas:

  Hindi Aco Patay (1903) by Juan Matapang Cruz Kahapon Ngayon at Bukas (1903) by Aurelio Tolentino- is an allegorical presentation of the history of the nationalist struggle and how the US frustrated the Philippine revolution. Tanikalang Guinto (1902) by Juan Abad (1872-1932)- is about Liwanag and K’Ulayaw, lovers who stand for freedom and the Filipino.
• Remake Novels- took up Dr. Jose Rizal's portrayal of social conditions by colonial repression.
• Gabriel Beato Francisco (1850-1935)- is best known for his trilogy of Fulgencia Galbillo (1907), Capitan Bensio (1907), Alfaro (1909), depicting the 30 years of colonial repression by the Spanish rule. Inigo Ed. Regalado (1888-1976)- Madaling Araw (1909) was his first novel showing the complex interrelations of issues and people in contemporary Philippine society. Juan Lauro Arsciwals (1889-1928)- Lalaking Uliran o Tulisan (1914), allusion to the colonial law that branded Filipino patriots as bandits.
• Poetry - The common theme of most poems during the Japanese occupation was nationalism, country, love, and life in the barrios, faith, religion and the arts.
• Fiction - The field of the short story widened during the Japanese Occupation. Many wrote short stories.
• Drama - experienced a lull during the Japanese period because movie houses showing American films were closed. The big movie houses were just made to show stage shows. Many of the plays were reproductions of English plays to Tagalog
• Newspapers - were journalistic in nature. Writers felt suppressed but slowly, the spirit of nationalism started to seep into their consciousness. While some continued to write, the majority waited for a better climate to publish their works.