PSYCHOLOGy

• Psychology is from the Greek word Psyche meaning Mind and Logos meaning study or knowledge
• Psychologists are highly trained professionals but does not prescribe medicines
• Psychiatrist are licensed to prescribe medicine
• Counselors works on normal issues such as in a work or school setting
• there are two types of behaviors: overt behavior and covert behavior
• Overt Behavior are the observable actions and responses
• Covert behaviors are internal activities such as thinking, remembering, dreaming, and other internal events
• Empirical Evidences are based on direct observations
• Scientific Observations are systematic (Carefully planned), Intersubjective (Confirmed by more than one observer), and based on empirical evidences.
• Scientific observation used by psychologists to systematically answer questions about behavior.
• Personality theorists studies personality trait, motivation, and individual differences.
• Perception and Sensation psychologists study how we discern the world through our senses. They use perceptual theory to study how we are able to recognize faces in the crowd.
• Learning Theorists studies how learning occurs in humans and animals
• Developmental Psychologists studies the growth and development of a person
• Comparative Psychologists studies the differences of behaviors between human and animals
• Cognitive Psychologists takes interest in thinking, remembering, memory, problem solving, and other mental processes in relation to computer gaming,
• Biopsychology studies how behavior relates to biological processes (How the brain controls the hunger)
• Social Psychologists explore human social behavior such as attitudes, persuasion, riots, conformity, and etc,
• Evolutionary Psychologists investigates how our behavior is guided by patterns that evolved during the long history of humankind
• Cultural Psychologists studies how human culture affect behavior
• Forensic Psychologists applies psychological principles to legal issues.
• 4 goals of psychology: Define, understand, predict, and control
• (Naming and Classifying). It answers the question "What is the nature of this behavior?

  Define-
• Animal Models

  • Used to discover principles that applies to human.
• Understand (Explain an event)Usually means we can state the causes of a behavior. Why does it occur?
• PredictAbility to forecast behavior accurately-Can we forecast when it will occur?
• Control Behavior

  • Simply refers to altering conditions that affect behavior.  
  • Emanates to every action that a psychologists does.
  • What condition affect it?
• Critical Thinking

  • heart of critical thinking is a willingness to actively reflect on ideas. 
  • reflection that involves evaluating, comparing, analyzing, critiquing, and synthesizing information. 

  takes the form of collecting empirical evidence to evaluate theories, as guided by the scientific method
• Critical Thinkers are willing to challenge conventional wisdom by asking the hard questions.
• 1. Phrenology (Franz Gall) Assess personality characteristics by examining various areas of the skull.
• 1. Palmistry Claims that the lines in our hand reveals our personality and predicts our future
• 1. Graphology  Indicates that our handwriting reveals our personality  traits.
• 1. Astrology

  • The most prominent pseudopsychology
• • Uncritical Acceptance is The tendency to believe the positive or flattering descriptions of yourself.
• • Confirmation Bias is When an astrological description contains a mixture of good and bad traits, it may seem accurate.
• The Barnum effect is the tendency  to consider personal descriptions as accurate if  they are stated in general terms.
• Scientific Method is Form of critical thinking based on careful collection of evidence, accurate description and measurement, precise definition, controlled observation, and repeatable results.
• Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)

  Made psychology an independent science and separate from Philosophy. Father of  Psychology that studies the conscious experience of a person. Sensations, images, and feelings make up personal experience
• Stimulus are Any physical energy  that affects a person and evokes a response.
• Introspection is looking inward to probe reaction to various stimuli.