SCALP, SKULL, FACE

• The scalp has several layers:

  1. Skin: very thick, numerous hairs, sebaceous glands, firmly attached to underlying connective tissue, prone to sebaceous cysts

  2. Connective Tissue: dense as superficial fascia, binds firmly to skin and aponeurosis below it, very vascular allowing viable flaps, profuse bleeding as vessels do not retract

  3. Aponeurosis, epicranial or occipitofrontalis muscle: connects 2 frontalis muscles and 2 occipitalis muscles, causing a transverse scalp wound to gape

  4. Loose connective tissue or subepicranial connective tissue space: a dangerous area with emissary veins between scalp veins and venous sinuses, leading to hematoma or pus accumulation affecting the meninges and potentially causing meningitis or abscess, known as "scalping"

  
• Scalping or hematoma of the scalp is the fourth layer, consisting of the periosteum or pericranium or external periosteum of the skull, a dense membrane covering the skull
• The muscles of the scalp, which are part of the third layer, receive arterial supply from:

  • Supratrochlear Artery
  • Supraorbital Artery
  • Superficial Artery
  • Posterior auricular Artery
  • Occipital Artery
• The sensory nerve supply of the scalp includes:

  • Supratrochlear nerve
  • Supraorbital nerve
  • Zygomaticotemporal nerve
  • Auriculotemporal nerve
  • Lesser occipital nerve
  • Greater occipital nerve
• The venous drainage of the scalp involves:

  • Supratrochlear V
  • Supraorbital V
  • Superficial V
  • Posterior auricular V
  • Occipital V
• The lymph drainage of the scalp includes:

  • Submandibular LN for the scalp forehead
  • Superficial parotid LN for the lateral part of the scalp above the ear
  • Mastoid L.N for the scalp above and behind the ear
  • Occipital L.N for the back
• The skull consists of 8 bones in the cranium and calva, with paired and unpaired bones, and 14 bones in the facial skeleton
• The exterior of the skull includes different views like Norma verticalis, Norma frontalis, Norma occipitalis, Norma lateralis, and Norma basalis, each highlighting specific anatomical features and structures
• The word "scalp" is depicted in an image

  
• An image of a human skull with the muscles of the face labeled is available

  
• A diagram of the cutaneous nerves of the head and neck is shown in an image

  
• An image depicts the veins of the head and neck

  
• An image shows the lymph nodes of the head and neck

  
• Anatomy of the Scalp:

  • Skin: very thick, numerous hairs, sebaceous glands, firmly attached to underlying connective tissue, sebaceous cysts
  • Connective Tissue: dense as superficial fascia, binds firmly to skin and aponeurosis, very vascular with profuse bleeding vessels
  • Aponeurosis (epicranial or occipitofrontalis muscle): consists of 2 frontalis muscles and 2 occipitalis muscles connected by the aponeurosis
• In glacial environments, the 2 main forms of erosion are abrasion and plucking
• Muscles of the Scalp (3rd layer):

  • Occipitofrontalis muscle inserts into the epicranial aponeurosis, supplied by the facial nerve, and moves the scalp on the skull and raises eyebrows
• Arterial Supply of the Scalp:

  • Supratrochlear artery
  • Supraorbital artery
  • Superficial artery
  • Posterior auricular artery
  • Occipital artery
• Sensory Nerve Supply of the Scalp:

  • Supratrochlear nerve
  • Supraorbital nerve
  • Zygomaticotemporal nerve
  • Auriculotemporal nerve
  • Lesser occipital nerve
  • Greater occipital nerve
• Lymph Drainage of the Scalp:

  • Submandibular lymph node: scalp forehead
  • Superficial parotid LN: lateral part of the scalp above the ear
  • Mastoid LN: scalp above and behind the ear
  • Occipital LN: back
• Bones of the Skull:

  • Cranium and calvaria consist of 8 bones
  • Paired: parietal, temporal
  • Unpaired: frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital
• Anatomy of the Scalp:

  • Skin: very thick, numerous hairs, sebaceous glands, firmly attached to underlying connective tissue, sebaceous cysts
  • Connective Tissue: dense as superficial fascia, binds firmly to skin and aponeurosis, very vascular with profuse bleeding vessels
  • Aponeurosis (epicranial or occipitofrontalis muscle): consists of 2 frontalis muscles and 2 occipitalis muscles connected by the aponeurosis
• Loose connective tissue or subepicranial connective tissue space is a dangerous area due to emissary veins between scalp veins and venous sinuses, which can lead to hematoma or pus accumulation affecting the meninges
• Muscles of the Scalp (3rd layer):

  • Occipitofrontalis muscle inserts into the epicranial aponeurosis, supplied by the facial nerve, and moves the scalp on the skull while raising eyebrows
• Arterial Supply of the Scalp includes the supratrochlear, supraorbital, superficial, posterior auricular, and occipital arteries
• Sensory Nerve Supply of the Scalp involves nerves like the supratrochlear, supraorbital, zygomaticotemporal, auriculotemporal, lesser occipital, and greater occipital nerves
• Lymph Drainage of the Scalp includes drainage to nodes like the submandibular lymph node for the scalp forehead, superficial parotid lymph node for the lateral part of the scalp above the ear, mastoid lymph node for the scalp above and behind the ear, and occipital lymph node for the back
• Anatomy of the Skull:

  • The skull consists of 22 bones, with the cranium and calvaria comprising 8 bones
• The exterior of the skull can be viewed from different angles like norma verticalis, norma frontalis, norma occipitalis, norma lateralis, and norma basalis, each showing specific features and structures
• Facial bones include 14 bones, with paired bones like zygomatic, maxilla, nasal, lacrimal, palatine, and inferior conchae, and unpaired bones like vomer and mandible