sci 2nd quiz

• External part of Male Reproductive System:

  • scrotum
  • penis
• Internal Part of the male reproductive system

  • Gonads
  • Accessory Glands
• Gonads: produce sperms and reproductive hormones
• Accessory glands: secrete products essential to sperm movement and ducts that carry the sperm and glandular secretion
• • From the seminiferous tubules of the testis, the sperms pass into the coiled duct of an epididymis, in humans it takes 3 weeks for the sperm to travel the 6m length of this duct, during which time the sperm complete maturation and becomes motile
• During ejaculation, the sperm are propelled from each epididymis
• Male Gonads or Testes (Singular: Testis)

  • Produces sperm in highly coiled tube called seminiferous tubules
  • Temperature: 2°C below the core body temperature
  • Sertoli cells: sperm development
  • Leydig cells: make and secrete testosterone
• Seminiferous tubules

  • Highly coiled tubes in the testis
• Peristalsis

  • Movement of the muscle
• Accessory Glands

  1. Two Seminal Vesicle
  2. Prostate Gland
  3. Bulbourethral gland
• Accessory Glands

  1. Two Seminal Vesicle 

  • Contribute 60% of the volume of the semen
  • The fluid is thick, yellowish, and alkaline
  • Contains mucus: sugar fructose which provides most of the sperm energy
  • A coagulating enzyme
  • Secretes a fluid that makes up most of the components of semen
• Accessory Glands

  2. Prostate Gland

  • Secretes a thin, milky, and slightly alkaline fluid that is discharged as part of the semen
  • Secretes products directly into the urethra through small ducts
  • Contains: anticoagulant enzymes and citrate (sperm nutrient)
• Accessory Glands

  Bulbourethral Gland

  • Part of small glands along the urethra
  • Secretes a thick and clear mucus that lubricates and neutralizes any trace of acidic urine in the urethra
• Urethra

  • Outlet tube for both excretory and reproductive system (exit for both urine and sperm)
• Penis

  • Contains the urethra as well as three cylinders of spongy, erectile tissue
  • Head or glans of the penis has a much thinner outer layer and is consequently more sensitive to stimulation
  • Human glans is surrounding a fold of skin called prepuce or foreskin
• Spermatogenesis

  • Process of sperm production
• Human Physiology

  • Hormonal regulation of male reproductive system
• Hormonal Regulation

  Skeletal Muscle:

  • Causes protein synthesis
  • Plasma and testosterone

  Brain:

  • Increases sex drive
  • Plasma and testosterone
• Growth Hormone Secretion

  • Stimulates bone growth in adolescence 
• Negative Feedback

  • Testosterone will bind to receptors on the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary
  • Shuts off the synthesis secretion of GnRH, LH, and FSH 
  • Asks the anterior pituitary to stop/decrease secretion of LH and FSH
• Hormones

  • Chemicals that coordinate different function
• Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone or GnRH

  • Made in the hypothalamus
  • Stimulates the secretion of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary
  • LH: target interstitial cells of testis
  • FSH: targets sustentacular cells of seminiferous tubules 
• Female Reproductive System

  • Produces female egg cells necessary for production
  • Female eggs: ova or oocytes
  • Designed to transport the ova to the site of fertilization
• External Female Reproductive System

  • Enables the sperm to enter the body
  • Protect the internal genital organs from infectious organisms
• Parts of External Female Reproductive System

  • Vulva
  • Labia Majora (Large lips)
  • Labia Minora (Small lips)
  • Bartholin’s Gland
  • Clitoris
  • Vaginal Orifice
• 1. Vulva

  • External genitalia that includes Labia Minora and Majora
  • Enables sperm to enter
• 2. Labia Majora (Large lips)

  • Enclose and protects the other external reproductive organs
  • Large lips: covered with pubic hair
• 3. Labia Minora (Small lips)

  • Can be very small or up 2 inches wide
  • Small lips: covered with modified skin
• 4. Bartholin’s Gland

  • Located beside the vaginal opening
  • Produce a fluid (mucus) secretion
• 5. Clitoris

  • Two labia minora meet at the clitoris
  • Small almond-shaped erectile tissue
  • Most sensitive
• 6. Vaginal Orifice

  • The opening of the vagina
• Internal Female Reproductive System

  • Vagina
  • Uterus (womb)
  • Fimbriae
• 1. Vagina

  • A canal that joins the cervix (the lower part of the uterus ) to the outside of the body
  • For the baby and menstrual cycle
  • Also known as birth canal
• 2. Uterus (womb)

  • A hollow, pear-shaped organ
  • Home to a developing fetus
  • Divided into two parts: Cervix and Corpus
• 3. Fimbriae

  • Receiving the ovum
• Internal Reproductive Organs

  • Ovaries
  • Fallopian Tubes
• 1. Ovaries

  • Small, oval-shaped glands located on either side of the uterus
  • Produces egg and hormones
  • Estrogen: thickens uterine lining (endometrium), inhibits FSH and LH for most of cycle, and stimulates FSH and LH release pre-ovulation 
  • Progesterone: thickens uterine lining (endometrium) and inhibits FSH and LH
• 2. Fallopian Tubes

  • Narrow tubes that are attached to the upperpart of the uterus 
  • Serve as tunnels for the ova (egg cells) to travel from the ovaries to the uterus
• Ovarian Cycle

  • A succession of events in which the follicle matures, the ovum is shed, and the corpus luteum forms in the ovary
  • Follicular Process: explains how a follicles develops in response to FSH
  • A female is born with as many as 2 million follicles but is reduced to 300,000-400,000 by the time of puberty
  • Under the control of GnRH, FSH, and LH
  • A female usually produces one egg per month during reproductive years
• Estrogen

  • Thickens uterine lining
  • See fem changes
  • Inhibits FSH and LH
  • Regulate the development of female secondary sex characteristics