WK1 Basic Concepts

• mykos” meaning

  fungi
• Ophiocordyceps unilateralis - fungi that parasitizes ants or insects, it can control the brain of the ants
• Does Ophiocordyceps unilateralis can survive the human body?

  No, because humans have immune system and body temperature
• Fungi that which can alter the brain

  Mushroom
• What mushroom specifically can alter the brain?

  Hallucinogenic
• What is the most common hallucinogenic mushroom?

  Psilocybin
• Prokaryotic: are organism unicellular and doesn’t contain membrane bound organelles
• Eukaryotic: are nucleus, multicellular and contain bound organelles
• Candida Auris is multidrug resistant and this subspecie is Novel, which can affect the immunocompromised patients
• Molds: Fungus that grows in the form of multicellular
• yeast- A non-filamentous, unicellular fungus that is typically spherical or oval; “peanut shaped
• Cell wall - Provides shape and support
• CHITIN: thick layer of polysaccharide fibers.
• What are the 2 types of subunits of ribosomes?

  70 S and 80 S
• 70 S: Prokaryotic cells
• 80 S: Eukaryotic cells
• Cell Membrane

  • Acts as permeability layer and transport
  • Principal sterol is Ergosterol
• Where does cell membrane made of?

  Peptidoglycan
• What type of reproductive in Bacteria?

  Binary fission
• Rough ER: Protein synthesis
• Smooth ER: nutrient transport and macromolecular storage
• Mold

  • Multicellular
  • Can develop tiny spores that are suspended in the air and spread by air currents.
  • Grow on surface of food (ex: bread, causing spoilage)
  • Fuzzy or cottony (other description: filamentous, hairy or woolly)
• Hyphae (singular: hypha): the thallus (body) of a mold which consist of long filaments of cell joined together
• Septa: cross-walls of hyphae which divides it into distinct, uninucleate (one nucleus) cell-like units (SEPTUM hyphae)
• Septum can separate aging cells, damaged cells, and reproductive structures
• Hyphae: by elongating by the tips, each part hyphae capable of growth and if fragment can breaks off it can elongate into another hyphae, this process is called Apical extension
• Coenocytic hypha: long, continuous cells with many nuclei that contains no SEPTA
• Vegetative hypha: the portion of a hypha that obtains nutrients.
• Aerial or reproductive hypha: the portion concerned with reproduction.
• Mycelia: filamentous mass of hyphae
• Yeast

  • Nonfilamentous, unicellular fungi that are typically spherical or oval
  • Yeasts have distinctive budding cells/Blastoconidia, and divide unevenly (ex. Saccharomyces).
  • In budding, the parent cell forms a protuberance (bud) on its outer surface. As the bud elongates, the parent cell’s nucleus divides, and one nucleus migrates into the bud. Cell wall material is then laid down between the bud and parent cell, and the bud eventually breaks away.
• Pseudohyphae: elongated bud that does not detach from the parent cell
• Fission yeasts, such as Schizosaccharomyces, divide evenly to produce two new cells. During fission, the parent cell elongates, its nucleus divides, and two offspring cells are produced
• One of the best example for Pseudohyphae?

  Candida Albicans
• Fungal Metabolism
• Sabouraud Dextrose Agar

  • main indicator is the characteristic or image of the growth
• Fungal Metabolism

  • Most fungi are obligate aerobes
  • Some fungi however, are facultatively anaerobic, particularly yeast
• Fungal Growth

  • Fungi grow best at lower temperature, usually at 30°C
  • Mycology media: contains minimal nutrients and antibiotics in order to inhibit bacterial growth
  • Growth of most yeasts and molds are visible within several days
  • Medically important fungi take several weeks to form visible colonies