Evol bio lab

• Apomorphy


  A specialized or derived character state
• Symplesiomorphy


  A shared primitive trait
• Cladogram


  A diagram depicting hypothetical relationships between species based on characters, consisting of clades of taxon or Operating Taxonomic Units (OTUs) grouped together due to their relatedness
• Monophyletic grouping


  A clade where all descendants share a common ancestor
• Polyphyletic group


  A group that includes some or all the descendants, but not the common ancestor
• CLADISTIC ANALYSIS is used by biologists to study the evolutionary classifications of organisms
• A cladogram is constructed to classify organisms based on their derived characteristics
• Outgroup is a group of organisms that do not share any traits and serve as a comparison to the phylogeny being studied
• Synapomorphy


  Derived similar characteristics shared by organisms that form separate lineages from the original branch
• Pleiomorphic characters


  Primitive traits only present in ancestors
• A cladogram is often used in cladistic analysis to depict hypothetical relationships between species based on characters
• Autapomorphy


  A derived trait that is unique to one group only
• Paraphyletic group


  A group that does not include all the descendants of a common ancestry
• Discuss potential limitations of cladograms, and how these limitations might impact the accuracy of evolutionary inferences
• Analysis
• After which animals does the four limbs character develop?
• Which animal/s have amniotic egg?
• What is a derived character of ray-finned fish and amphibians?
• Which animal/s does not have vertebrate?
• What character traits separate amphibians and crocodiles?
• How can you differentiate ancestral and derived traits in cladogram?