Exam 2

• There are eight wrist bones. The proximal row has the pisiform, triquetrum, lunate, and scaphoid. The distal row has the hamate, capitate, trapezoid, and trapezium.
• Carpal Tunnel borders consist of a roof (flexor retinaculum) and the floor which are the carpal bones
• The carpal tunnel contents include 4 tendons of FDS, 4 tendons of FDP, median nerve, and flexor pollicus longus
• palmar aponeurosis is a thickened fascia covering flexor tendons
• The thenar eminence contains the abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, and the opponens pollicis
• the abductor pollicis brevis is innervated by the recurrent branch of median nerve and abducts thumb and assists opposition
• flexor pollicis brevis is innervated by the recurrent branch of median nerve and it flexes thumb
• opponens pollicis is innervated recurrent branch of median nerve and its action is opposing thumb toward center of the palm
• adductor pollicis is innervated by the deep branch of ulnar nerve and adducts thumb toward lateral border of palm
• hypothenar muscles include abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, opponens digiti minimi
• abductor digiti minimi is innervated by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve and abducts the fifth digit
• flexor digiti minimi brevis is innervated by deep branch of ulnar nerve and it flexes the MCP joint of the fifth digit
• opponens digiti minimi is innervated by deep branch of ulnar nerve and its action draws the fifth digit anteriorly and rotates it, opposing the thumb
• Lumbricals 1-2 are innervated by the median nerve. They flex the MCP joints and extends the PIP joints
• Lumbricals 3-4 are innervated by the deep branch of ulnar nerve. They flex the MCP joints and extends PIP joints
• the dorsal interossei is innervated by the deep branch of ulnar nerve and it abducts digits 2-4 and assists lumbricals
• palmar interossei is innervated by the deep branch of ulnar nerve and it adducts 2nd, 4th, and 5th digits assists lumbricals
• Interphalangeal joints are hinge joints that are surrounded by joint capsules. The ligaments of the interphalangeal joints are the palmar ligaments and the collateral ligaments
• sternoclavicular joint is the articulation of the sternal end of the clavicle with the manubrium and first costal cartilage
• Ligaments of the sternoclavicular joint are the anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments and the costoclavicular ligament
• abdominal fascia's superficial layer is fatty and membranous and the deep layer is very thin and invests the external oblique
• the linea alba is the aponeurosis of the external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominis
• the recturs abdominis is innervated by the ventral rami of T7-T12 and acts in trunk flexion for only 30 degrees, assists in lateral flexion, and compresses abdominal viscera
• external oblique is innervated by the thoracic nerves T7-T12 and the subcostal nerve. Its actions include trunk rotation to opposite side, assists in trunk flexion, and compresses and supports viscera
• internal oblique is innervated by the ventral rami of T7-T12. Its actions are trunk rotation to same side and supports and compresses abdominal viscera
• When rotating to the right, the left external oblique contracts while the right internal oblique contracts
• When rotating left the right external oblique contracts while the left internal oblique contracts
• The transverse abdominis is innervated by ventral rami T7-T12 and L1. Its action is compression and support of the abdominal viscera
• the transverse abdominal wall is the deepest muscle of the abdominal wall
• The rectus sheath contains the ventral rami of T6-T12 and the superior and inferior epigastric vessels
• The inguinal canal borders include the external oblique (anterior), transversalis fascia (posterior), internal oblique and transversus abdominis (roof), and the superior surface of the inguinal ligament (floor)
• Superficial inguinal ring- triangular aperture in the external oblique aponeurosis
• deep inguinal ring- an outpouching of transversalis fascia
• the inguinal canal in males contains the spermatic cord and illioinguinal nerve
• the inguinal canal in females contains the round ligament of uterus and the illioinguinal nerve
• The borders of the hesselbach traingle are the rectus abdominis, inguinal ligament, and the epigastic vessels
• direct hernias occur when the internal viscera comes right through tranversalis fascia. It does not enter deep inguinal ring and emerges around conjoint tendon and reaches superficial inguinal ring
• The visceral pleural layer attaches to the lungs
• The area between the lungs that is not surrounded by pleural tissue is called the mediastinum
• There are three surfaces of the lung: the costal, mediastinal, and diaphragmatic