nutr chapter 6

• 3 types of lipids- triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids
• triglycerides are the most common
• triglycerides have 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone
• hydroloysis is the reaction that releases fatty acids from glycerol
• long chain fatty acids have 12 or more carbons and can be found in beef, pork, lamb, and most plant oils
• medium chain fatty acids have 6 to 10 carbons and can be found in coconut and palm oil
• short chain fatty acids have fewer than 6 carbons and make up 3% of fat in butter
• fatty acids can be saturated, monosaturated, or polyunsaturated
• saturated fatty acids have single bonds and are filled with hydrogens
• saturated fats are usually solid at room temp
• monounsaturated fatty acids have one double bond in the chain and are missing 2 hydrogens
• monounsaturated fats are liquid at room temp
• polyunsaturated fatty acids have at least 2 double bonds in the chain and hydrogens are missing at these double bonds
• polyunsaturated fat is liquid at room temp
• trans fats have hydroges found on opposite sides of the carbon chain
• saturated and trans fatty acids have straight chains
• unsaturated cis fatty acids have a bent chain
• trans fats are created during hydrogenation which adds a hydrogen to both ends of the carbon chain which becomes more saturated solid and straight
• essential fatty acids (efas) can't be made in the body
• the two types of efas are alpha-linolenic and linoleic acid
• alpha-linoleic acid is omega-3
• linoleic acid is omega-6
• eicosapentaenoic (epa) and docosahexaenoic acid (dha) are essential fatty acids made from alpha-linolenic acids
• long chain triglycerides can be found in lard, fat in beef, pork, and lamb
• medium and short chain triglycerides can be found in milk fat, coconut oil, palm oil, and palm kernel oil
• monounsaturated fats can be found in olive oil, canola oil, and peanut oil
• polyunsaturated fats can be found in sunflower oil, corn oil, safflower oil, and fish oil
• saturated fatty acids increase blood levels of ldl-cholesterol
• monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease blood levels of ldl-cholesterol
• epas and dhas can be found in cold water fish, salmon, tuna, halibut, sardines, and mackerel
• omega-3 can be found in walnuts, flaxseed, hemp oil, canola oil, soybean oil, and chia seeds
• omega-6 can be found in beef, chicken, safflower oil, sunflower oil, and corn oil
• triglycerides provide 9 kcals/g
• subcutaneous fat is found just below the skin and helps keep the body at constant temp
• visceral fat is found around organs and cushions them
• dha is needed during fetal life and infancy for normal development and function of retina and nervous system and during life for regulation of nerve transmission and communication
• eicosanoids from omega-6 fats influence blood vessels to constrict and can help raise blood pressure
• eicosanoids from omega-3 dilate blood vessels and help decrease blood pressure
• ergostanol is an active form of vitamin d
• beta sitostanol can help reduce absorption of bile and cholesterol