Microprocessors

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Aisha Kelsey Urbano

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  • A microprocessor is a programmable electronics chip that has computing and decision-making capabilities similar to central processing unit of a computer.
  • Any microprocessor-based systems having limited number of resources are called microcomputers.
  • The binary patterns are given abbreviated names called mnemonics, which forms the assembly language
  • The semiconductor manufacturing technologies used for chips are:
    • Transistor-Transistor Logic(TTL)
    • Emitter Couple Logic (ECL)
    • Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)
  • Applications of Microprocessor:
    • Household Devices
    • Industrial Applications
    • Transportation Industry
    • Computers and electronics
    • Embedded Systems at home
    • Communication
  • What is the difference of Microprocessors and Microcontroller in Terms of Application?
    Microprocessors - Advanced data processing, video, computer vision, personal computers, fast communications, multi-core computation.
    Microcontroller - Embedded devices, control systems, smartphones, consumer electronics.
  • What is the difference of Microprocessors and Microcontroller in Terms of Processing Power
    Microprocessor - Higher
    Microcontroller - Lower
  • What is the difference of Microprocessors and Microcontroller in Terms of Memory
    Microprocessors: External - Flexible
    Microcontroller: Internal - Limited Size
  • What is the difference of Microprocessors and Microcontroller in Terms of Power Consumption
    Microprocessors - Higher
    Microcontroller - Lower
  • What is the difference of Microprocessors and Microcontroller in Terms of Power Consumption

    Microprocessors - Larger
    Microcontroller - Smaller
  • The ESP32 is a series of chip microcontrollers developed by Espressif.
    It is a series of low-cost and low-power System on a Chip (SoC) microcontrollers that include Wi-Fi and bluetooth wireless capabilities and dual-core processor.
  • The ESP32 can be programmed with these languages:
    • Arduino C/C++ using Arduino core for the ESP32
    • Espressif IDF (IoT Development Framework)
    • Micropython
    • JavaScript
  • ESP32 supports both 802.11 b/g/n WLAN and Bluetooth 4.2 BR/EDR + BLE coexistently. This makes it possible to create “hybrid” smart devices that connect to both Wi-Fi and other Bluetooth devices simultaneously.
  • Features of ESP32:
    • Low-Cost
    • Low-power
    • Wi-Fi capabilities
    • Bluetooth
    • Dual-core
    • Rish peripheral input/output interface
    • Compatible with Arduino Programming
    • Compatible with Micropython
  • Specifications of an ESP32:
    • Processor - Tensilica Xtensa 32-bit LX6 microprocessor
    • Wireless connectivity:
    • Wi-fi: 802.11
    • Bluetooth v4.2
    • Memory - ROM 448 KB, SRAM 520 KB, RTC, Embedded Flash
    • Peripheral I/O - ADCs, DACs, I2C, UART, SPI, RMI, PWM
    • Security - accelerators for AES and SSL/TLS
  • A processor is a logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions that drives a computer. The term processor has generally replaced the term central processing unit (CPU). The processor (CPU, for Central Processing Unit) is the computer's brain. It allows the processing of numeric data, meaning information entered in binary form, and the execution of instructions stored in memory.
  • The processor in a personal computer or embedded in small devices is often called a microprocessor.
  • The microprocessor performs three main tasks for the computer system:
    1. data transfer between itself and the memory or I/O systems
    2. simple arithmetic and logic operations
    3. program flow via simple decisions
  • ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) performs arithmetic and logical operations on the data received from an input device or memory.
  • Control Unit controls the instructions and flow of data within the computer.
  • Register Array consists of registers identified by letters like B, C, D, E, H, L, and accumulator.
  • Most microprocessor are single-chip devices and speed depends on the processing speed depends on data bus width.
  • Address bus – carries memory addresses from the processor to other components such as primary
    storage and input/output devices. The address bus is unidirectional.
  • Data bus – carries the data between the processor and other components. The data bus is
    bidirectional.
  • Control bus – carries control signals from the processor to other components. The control bus
    also carries the clock's pulses. The control bus is unidirectional.
  • First generation – From 1971 to 1972 the era of the first generation came which brought microprocessors like INTEL 4004, Rockwell international PPS-4, INTEL 8008 etc. The processor made of PMOS (P-channel metal–oxide semiconductor) technology is called 1st generation processor, and it is made up of 4 bits.
  • Second generation – The second generation marked the development of 8 bit microprocessors from 1973 to 1978. Processors like INTEL 8085, Motorola 6800 and Motorola 6801 etc came into existence. The processor made of NMOS (N-channel metal–oxide–semiconductor) technology is called 2nd generation processor, and it is made up of 8 bits.
  • Third generation – The third generation brought forward the 16 bit processors like INTEL 8086/80186/80286 Motorola 68000 68010 etc. From 1979 to 1980 this generation used the processor made of CMOS (Complementary metal–oxide semiconductor) technology and is called 3rd generation processor, and it is made up of 16 bits.
  • Fourth generation – The fourth generation came into existence from 1981 to 1995. The 32 bit
    processors using HMOS (High metal–oxide–semiconductor) fabrication came into existence.
    INTEL 80386 and Motorola 68020 are some of the popular processors of this generation. It is
    made up of 32 bits.
  • Fifth generation – The fifth generation came into existence from 1995 till the present time
    today. After 80856, Intel came out with a new processor namely Pentium processor followed by
    Pentium Pro CPU, which allows multiple CPUs in a single system to achieve multiprocessing. 64
    bit processors like PENTIUM, celeron, dual, quad and octa core processors came into existence.
  • Transistor was invented in 1948 (23 December 1947 in Bell lab). IC was invented in 1958 (Fair Child Semiconductors) By Texas Instruments J Kilby. In 1971 two companies, both in the USA, introduced the world to its future by producing microprocessors. They were a young company called Intel (Integrated Electronics) and their rival, Texas Instruments (TI).
  • Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)
    CISC or Complex Instruction Set Computer is a computer architecture where instructions are such
    that a single instruction can execute multiple low-level operations like loading from memory,
    storing into memory, or an arithmetic operation, etc.
    It has multiple addressing nodes within a single instruction. CISC makes use of very few registers.
    Examples:
    1. Intel 386
    2. Intel 486
    3. Pentium
    4. Pentium Pro
    5. Motorola 68020
  • RISC or Reduced Instruction Set Computer is a computer architecture where instruction is simple
    and designed to get executed quickly. Instructions get completed in one clock cycle this is because of the optimization of instructions and pipelining (a technique that allows for simultaneous execution of parts, or stages, of instructions more efficiently process instructions). RISC makes use of multiple registers to avoid large interactions with memory. It has few addressing nodes.
    Examples:
    1. IBM RS6000
    2. MC88100
    3. DEC Alpha 21064
    4. DEC Alpha 21164
    5. DEC Alpha 21264
  • EPIC or Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing permits computers to execute instructions
    parallel using compilers. It allows complex instructions execution without using higher clock
    frequencies.
    EPIC encodes its instruction into 128-bit bundles. Each bundle contains three instructions which
    are encoded in 41 bits each and a 5-bit template field(contains information about types of
    instructions in a bundle and which instructions can be executed in parallel).
  • Low Cost – Due to integrated circuit technology microprocessors are available at very low cost.
    It will reduce the cost of a computer system.
  • High Speed – Due to the technology involved in it, the microprocessor can work at very high
    speed. It can execute millions of instructions per second.
  • Small Size – A microprocessor is fabricated in a very less footprint due to very large scale and
    ultra large-scale integration technology. Because of this, the size of the computer system is reduced.
  • Versatile – The same chip can be used for several applications; therefore, microprocessors are
    versatile.
  • Low Power Consumption – Microprocessors are using metal oxide semiconductor technology,
    which consumes less power.
  • Less Heat Generation – Microprocessors uses semiconductor technology which will not emit
    much heat as compared to vacuum tube devices.