Chapter 5

• Evidence to support endosymbiotic theory

  Independent division(binary fission), Circular chromosome, DNA sequences that resemble bacterial DNA, Prokaryotic Ribosomes, Similarly inhibited by drugs, and Double membrane
• Eukaryotes

  Contain a nucleus, membrane bound organelles, larger than prokaryotes, and only plants and fungi have a cell wall.
• Relationship between mitochondria and bacteria


  Bacteria is the ancestor of the current mitochondria.

  Mitochondria allow for ATP to be created through aerobic respiration. Bacteria in the past had similar functions and has separate DNA from the nucleus. MItochondrias are believed to be engulfed bacteria that became organelles in the cell that it was engulfed by.
• Algae

  Are free living plankton with a cell wall, provide food for aquatic organisms, create atmospheric O2 and rarely cause human disease. Algae blooms can cause dead zones by cutting off atmospheric O2 from it's thickness and when dying taking large amounts of O2 in and releasing CO2.
• Fungi

  Exist in 2 forms of yeast and mold, majority are harmless to humans but can cause fungal infections. They grow well in environments with high moisture but also high salt/sugar, and low H2O, these conditions will cause infections in people with AIDs, cancer and diabetes. Can cause allergies, mycoses and toxin production as well as destruct crops and food. They decompose dead plants and animals, a source of antibiotics, biotechnology, and mycorrizae is a type of fungi that helps plants absorb nutrients and water.
• Helminths

  Come in 2 forms, flat worm and round worm. Both types can cause disease, most types effect the digestive system by being ingested from contaminated food or water. Many worms thrive in tropical climates but there are parasitic helminths in all climates.
• Protozoa

  Eat free living protozoa plant and animal remains, and sometimes living bacteria and algae. Protozoa like moisture, if infecting humans they live usually in the digestive tract or in the plasma. Protozoa infections are very common but usually only caused by protozoa in the tropics.
• Fungi growth conditions

  Prefer to live in high moisture, but can grow in Low H2O, high salt or sugar.
• Mycoses


  Diseases caused by funguses, they originate from spores, they can be inside your body as well as on your skin. They come from fungus in the environment, clinical settings and people who have compromised immune systems can get infections.
• Algae toxins

  Releases toxins that are consumed by shellfish when they eat the algae. When a human eats the shellfish that have serious neurological symptoms such as numbness, drowsiness, fever, rash and staggering.
• Fungal infections not common in humans

  The human immune system is able to fight off most fungal infections that is why people who are immunocompromised are more likely to get fungal infections. Also fungi prefers a cooler temperature compared to the human's body temperature.
• Fungal evolution

  Global warming is causing fungi to get used to warmer temperatures, this will increase the number of fungal infections in humans.
• Fungal spores

  Can reproduce and are bigger than bacterial endospores. Also one fungal cell can make many spores.
• Bacterial endospores

  Bacterial endospores are dormant so they cannot reproduce. One bacterial cell can make one endospore.