The female pelvis is lighter and thinner, wider in area, with a wider and flatter sacrum than a male's
The internal rotators of the hip include the tensorfascialatae, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus
The assistive hip flexors include the pectineus, tensor fascia latae, sartorius, and rectus femoris.
adductor longus is responsible for hip flexion and adduction
adductor brevis is responsible for hip flexion and adduction
The pectineus is responsible for hip flexion and adduction
tensor fascia latae is responsible for hip internal rotation, flexion, and abduction
gluteus medius is responsible for hip internal rotation, flexion, and abduction
gluteus minimus is responsible for hip interal rotation, flexion, and abduction
sartorius is responsible for hip flexion, abduction, and external rotation
rectus femoris is responsible for hip flexion, abduction, and external rotation
iliopsoas is responsible for hip flexion and externalrotation
piriformis is responsible for hip flexion, abduction, and externalrotation
semimembranosus is responsible for hip extension and knee flexion
semitendinosus is responsible for hip extension and knee flexion
biceps femoris is responsible for hip extension and external rotation
gluteus maximus is responsible for hip extension and external rotation
adductor magnus is responsible for hip adduction and extension
gracilis is responsible for hip adduction and flexion
External rotation is done by rectus femoris, illiopsoas, sartorius, piriformis, gluteus maximus, gemellus superior, obturator internus, gemellus inferior, obturator externus, quadratus femoris, and biceps femoris.
The primary hip flexor is the illiopsoas which can be divided into the psoas major and iliacus
Hip complex is made up of the coxofemoral joint, sacroiliac joint, and the pubic symphysis
ligamentus support of the coxofemoral joint includes the iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligaments
The ischiofemoral ligament resists adduction, hyperextension, and internal rotation
The head and neck of the femur make the angleofinclination and the angleoftorsion
angle of inclination occurs in the frontal plane between an axis through the femoral head and neck and the longitudinal axis of the femoral shaft
angle of torsion occurs in the transverse plane between an axis through the femoral head and neck and an axis through the distal femoral condyles
With assistive hip flexions the tendosn cross anterior to the joint
with hip extensors tendons cross posterior to the joint
retroversion is a decrease in the angle of torsion influences the lateral rotation of the limb producing a toe out gait
anteversion is an increase in the angle of torsion that influences the medial rotation of the limb and produces a toe in gait
coxa valga has a neck shaft angle greater than 125 degrees which leads to supination of the foot and inversion ankle sprains
coxa valga lengthens the limb, decreases effectiveness ofabductors by decreasing distance between the femoralhead and greatertrochanter, reduces the load on the femoralneck, and increases the load on the femoralhead
coxa vara is a neck-shaft angle less than 125 degrees which increases stress on the femoral neck
coxa vara shortens the limb, increases the effectiveness of the abductors by increasing the distance between the femoral head and greater trochanter, increases the load on the femoral neck, and reduces the load on the femoral head
Angle of inclination is affected by factors like congenital deformity, trauma, or disease may affect the angle
coxofemoral joint forms a diarthrodial ballandsocket joint with 3 DOF
There are four bones tha make up the pelvic girdle the sacrum, coccyx, and the two hipbones that consist of the ilium, ischium, and pubis
The false pelvis is the bony area between the iliac crests and is superior to the pelvis inlet
pelvis inlet is a line between the lumbrosacral joint and the superior border of symphasis pubis